Society Australian Frontier War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1463 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Australian Frontier War involves the conflict that happened between the Aboriginal people and the Europeans (the British) between 1788 and 1930s through acts of resistance, battles, and open massacres. During this colonial violence, many historians have asserted that there is an estimate of about 20000 indigenous succumbed and about 2000 to 2500 British were killed. The University of Newcastle’s historian, professor Lindall Ryan came up with a map entailing the details of this war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Society : Australian Frontier War" essay for you Create order Following years of meticulous research, there is an online map constructed, and it marked the massacres of the Aboriginal people throughout the Australian colonial frontier. Over 150 locations have been recorded through the east coast whereby these violent attacks towards the Aborigines took place when the first British fleet arrived. Therefore, Professor Ryan together with other historians agrees to this map as the most comprehensive map detailing the Frontier War. According to Professor Ryan, it was hard to locate the sources which would be in tandem with the oral history regarding the war because most of these killings conducted by the British were never meant to be discovered. Sites in areas such as Victoria, Tasmania, and other sites across Queensland as well as South Wales have been recorded. The records from these states are corresponding various accounts of the war, and the sources came from court records, settler records and diaries, and newspaper reports. Based on the facts, Tasmania was the first location where the massacre took place, and the war was referred to as the Black War. Based on the death rates in this state, it is estimated the period of this massacre was seven to eight years before other settlers migrated towards the mainland in the north. Based on the history of indigenous historians, in the beginning; the aborigines would welcome the newcomers with generosity and hospitality. However, with time passing, it was clear that the European settlers were there to stay and this led to the aborigines being dispossessed their property, more so land, water sources, and access to traditional foods. Additionally, the Europeans subjected them to sexual abuse as well as slavery. Consequently, this led to change in attitude and conflict between the two cultures was inevitable. The Maria Massacre From all the graves around Coorong area, the victims of the Maria massacre was the most notorious, yet they are the least remembered. The Maria was a 136-ton brig of wood, and it was built in 1823 on the way to Hobart Town from Adelaide. In late 1840, it went ashore on Margaret Brook reef but the passengers, as well as the crew, managed to launch the brig and they managed to arrive at the shore safely. The Milmenrura who were the local tribe befriended the crew, and they agreed to take them along the coast towards the east at Encounter Bay, which was the nearest settlement. When the ship reached the territorial boundary, the aborigines could not go past there, and this prompted the brig survivors argued they had to be taken until Adelaide. However, after the protests, the Needles Tribe took over to escort the British crew. Later, difficulties started to emerge when the crew started to entice the aborigine women for sexual favors, but they did not know the traditional obligations and responsibilities surrounding these behaviors. A letter from 26 December 1840, the aborigines of the district agreed that they will kill every European they met. Consequently, this triggered a massacre. News in the form of rumors reached Encounter Bay Whaling Station concerning the shipwreck, a group of five sailors, three local aborigines, and a police officer traveled to the location and the identified many aborigines dressed in the clothes of their fellow citizens as well as eight disjointed bodies on the shores. This was located about 40km south of Murray Mouth. This news reached Adelaide on 25 July 1840 bringing a major dismay. At this moment, Maria was overdue back at Hobart Town. Subsequently, a disciplinary expedition, which was aimed to impose fear to the native. Additionally, the main aim of this expedition was to punish the suspects through hanging of the ringleaders who fueled the killing of the crewmembers. In the event of these, three aborigines were killed, and an unknown number of the locals were wounded while they were trying to run away. More people were court martialed, two more aborigines were hanged on the spot, and their bodies were left to rot on the tree gibbets that were constructed on the graves of the first killed victims. The third guilty man coped to escape being hanged by swimming the Coorong Reach after escaping from the captors. More bodies were found squeezed in wombat holes. Over the next months, bodies were found and buried albeit there were no permanent graves, so their locations were lost. The main sites for these killings and burials were called the Fosters Bight or the Yards, which was located opposite Meningie. Additionally, three other districts locations were discovered whereby these murders happened, and it indicated that the party broke up. Based on the earlier accounts, it seemed that the passengers made their way alongside the land of Coorong to the lakes whereas the sailors went inland. Therefore, the bodies that were found could not be determined to be those of the crew and it cannot be ascertained that they could have been lost in the bush. Coniston Massacre The aborigines we furious because their source of water was being destroyed by cattle, erected fences, and the British who took their women as servants or wives. All these activities by the British violated their customs and traditions. Consequently, the aborigines’ behavior angered the new nomads because they were competing with their cattle for water. This tension went up to August 1928 where about 100 local aborigines were killed as well as hundreds of Anmatyerr, Kaytetye, and Warlpiri people who were displaced. These killings led to the Coniston Massacre. This massacre occurred from mid-August until early October of 1928, and it entailed killings in two periods. The first period happened in August, and the other one happened in September all through October. According to the massacre, the first killing occurred at Yurrkuru, and it involved the killing of Fredrick Brooks on 7 August 1928. On Coniston Station, he had camped a traditional Warlpiri soakage and right there, about 20 Warlpiri people were gathered. He then has an affair with one of the women, and this compelled the husband to kill him. Brooks body was cut using a stone axe, and it was later buried in a rabbit warren. However, his leg was remaining outside and after a day, Alex Wilson, an aborigine horse tracker, and trailer, discovered it. Afterward, he went to Coniston Station to report the incident. Constable George Murray who was in that area of Coniston Station as well as Pine Hill to investigate the cattle killings led the retaliation team. They set out on 16 August to catch the killer. Murray then went back to Alice Springs after the report of the death so that he could convene reinforcement but he was asked by Cawood to manage the case by himself. Based on the reports by Murray, five people died on the first day of the raid, and many other aborigines were caught in the cross fire that ensured. When Murray was returning to Coniston Station on 30 August, the tally of those who succumbed was 17. Contrary, the Warlpiris estimate was ranging between 60 to 70 people killed in the course of the patrol and investigation. The killer of Brooks, however, managed to evade Murray and his team and Murray had captured three suspects, Arkirkra, Woolingar, and Padygar. Padygar and Arkirkra were taken to Alice Springs to face trial while Woolinger succumbed to the injuries he during his capturing. The second part of the retaliation started after an attack on the second settler, Nugget Morton, and he was well known for his tendency to exploit aborigine women. A group of Aborigine men attacked him at Boomerang Waterhole, but he managed to fight them off by killing one of his attackers. He later went to seek help by sending a letter to Alice Springs Police, and this led to the arrival of Constable Murray towards the end of September. Until early October, Murray put up a team together and resumed with the killings around Hanson and Lander Rivers. The affected locals had an estimate of about 100 people killed during this second attack. On the other hand, Murray arrived back at the station on 18 October where he wrote few lines on his report regarding the two raids, but he did not mention the number of people killed as a result. The repercussion of these killings compelled the traditional landowners to move away because they were scared to move back. Until today, the aborigines who lived in these areas have never received the justice deserved.

Origin of Hindu Religion - 2457 Words

A Hindu ( pronunciation (help ·info), Devanagari: à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ ) is an adherent of Hinduism, a set of religious, philosophical and cultural systems that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The vast body of Hindu scriptures, divided into Ã…Å¡ruti (revealed) and Smriti (remembered), lay the foundation of Hindu beliefs, which primarily include dhà ¡rma, kà ¡rma, ahimsa and saá ¹Æ'sÄ ra. VedÄ nta and yoga are one of the several core schools of Hindu philosophy, broadly known as the SanÄ tana Dharma. The word Hindu is at times attributed to all persons professing Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism or Sikhism as is used in the Constitution of India.[1] With more than a billion adherents, Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion. The vast majority of Hindus,†¦show more content†¦The Vedas are the oldest sacred books of Hinduism and lay the foundation of several schools of Hindu thought.[21] The Upanishads refers to those scriptures which form the core teachings of the VedÄ nta philosophy.[22] Adi Shankaras commentaries on the Upanishads led to the rise of Advaita Vedanta, the most influential sub-school of Vedanta. In the holy text Merutantra,the word Hindu is defined as Hinani Gunani Dushyanti iti Hindu.Meaning that Gunani that which destroys the inferior raja-tama components or gunas is a Hindu.Thus, to be a Hindu is to follow a way of life that enhances the spiritually pure sattva component and sattva predominant qualities like love, courage, humility, expansiveness, etc.and overcomes the spiritually impure raja-tama predominant attitude like anger, lust, jealousy, greed, attachment, pride etc. Hinduism consists of several sects and denominations, of which Vaishnavism and Shaivism are by far the most popular.[23] Other aspects include folk and conservative Vedic Hinduism. Since the 18th century, Hinduism has accommodated a host of new religious and reform movements, with Arya Samaj being one of the most notable Hindu revivalist organizations. Due to the wide diversity in the beliefs, practices and traditions encompassed by Hinduism, there is no universally accepted definition on who a Hindu is, or even agreement on whether term Hinduism represents aShow MoreRelatedOrigin of Hindu Religion2468 Words   |  10 PagesA Hindu ( pronunciation (help ·info), Devanagari: à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ ) is an adherent of Hinduism, a set of religious, philosophical and cultural systems that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The vast body of Hindu scriptures, divided into Ã…Å¡ruti (revealed) and Smriti (remembered), lay the foundation of Hindu beliefs, which primarily in clude dhà ¡rma, kà ¡rma, ahimsa and saá ¹Æ'sÄ ra. VedÄ nta and yoga are one of the several core schools of Hindu philosophy, broadly known as the SanÄ tana Dharma. The word Hindu isRead MoreHinduism, Islam, And Hinduism Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesgraces that make a society prosper. 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From Hinduism’s pantheon of gods to its dysfunctional caste system, this religion has wreakedRead MoreReasons for Devotion to Hindu Goddesses1540 Words   |  7 PagesReasons for devotion to Hindu goddesses Hinduism portrays feminine divinity in a more exalted way than most other religions do. Though Hindu goddesses are usually depicted as consorts, wives or companions to a Hindu god, cases exist in which they are worshipped independently; Tantrism for example, where it is believed that women posses more spiritual power than men, thus men can achieve divinity through union with a woman (â€Å"Tantrism†). Most villages reinforce the mother aspect of goddesses andRead MoreHinduism : Hinduism And Hinduism1140 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief that one suffers the effects of their actions, if not in the present life, but each life afterwards. 1. The Question of Origin - The origins of Hinduism can be traced back as far as 200 years before Christ, during which time Aryan deities have been traced to. There is no one start, or founder to pinpoint the origins of Hinduism. 2. The Question of Identity - Hindu worship over many deities, and have a two belief system that sin and evil are just illusions and that time is cyclical. They believeRead MoreReligious Views On Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1528 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Kessler Professor Brislen GREL 101 15 November 2014 Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Throughout the millennia since the origin of man, technology has continuously evolved contributing to a longer life expectancy among humans. Now, even terminally ill patients can be kept alive by medications and machines. These life saving devices also carry the potential to kill a human with little effort or time. The debate has arisen as to whether people have the â€Å"right to die† or oftenRead More Hinduism Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as the worlds oldest religion. 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Socrates a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher Essay Example For Students

Socrates a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher Essay Socrates is a noteworthy and important historical figure as a philosopher, because of his and his pupils influence on the development of the philosophical world. His teachings, famous arguments, and ideas began the outgrowth of all later western philosophies. Born in 469 BC just outside of Athens, Socrates was brought up properly, and thoroughly educated. He was raised as most Athenians; developing both physical and mental strengths. Socrates then went on to learn from Archelaus the philosopher. Here he studied astronomy, mathematics, and was introduced to philosophy, which was a new concept at the time. Archelaus taught of explanations for the world with a scientific approach. Socrates, however, turned away from this idea and created his own. He decided that instead of trying to understand the universe, a person should try to understand himself. To express his philosophy, Socrates spent his days in the marketplace of Athens, telling people of his ideas. His voice was heard, and he was soon declared to be the wisest of all men. Socrates was skilled in the art of arguing. He developed a method by which he would win every debate. His favorite hobby was going to the marketplace and debating philosophical issues with other men in front of an audience. The result of these debates was that Socrates embarrassed the wise men in front of the crowd. This caused many to dislike him. After being named the wisest man, Socrates attempted to prove that this was not true. He debated with many men in the streets. These debates are some of his most famous argument methods. He started the discussion by stating that he knew nothing. As a result of the debate, he was able to prove that although his opponents claimed that they were wise, they knew nothing either. Socrates concluded that he really was the wisest man because unlike the others, he knew that he knew nothing. Socrates had many ideas and philosophies concerning issues other than the knowledge of oneself. These included explanations of the universe, the belief in god, and lifes goals. Other, earlier philosophers, had many different interpretation for the makeup of the world. Some believed that it was made out of numbers, others thought that it was made of a single substance, or many different substances, while still conflicting philosophers theorized that everything was formed out of atoms, and even illusions. Socrates had his own, different ideas. He believed that the world was made of forms that are not within the reach of our senses, but only of our thoughts. This means, for example, that when we think of characteristics such as roundness, we only picture ideas of it like a ball or a wheel. Therefore, he assumed that we only understand specific things that participate in our lives. In his search for the inner truth of oneself, Socrates theorized the explanation to the question of what the goals of life are. He concluded that everyone tries to find the meaning of happiness and goodness in their existence. This is the purpose of life. However, true happiness comes in many forms and is disguised in a way that people spend their lives looking for goodness, but finding only the evil in which it is concealed. The only way to discover true happiness, goodness, and the right way, is to fully understand oneself. Socrates did not believe in the Greek gods or religion. He had his personal view of god. Socrates felt that there must be some form of divine power because everyone seemed to believe in some kind of god and religion. He also believed in a sort of immortality. He hypothesized that there was an afterlife. His explanation for it was that people who had achieved goodness in their lives knew where they were going afterwards, and that evil people tried to ignore the fact that immortality existed. He preached that the soul was a persons true being, and that our goodness in life reflected on the goodness of our souls. Animal Farm - Animalism Vs Marxism EssayI knew that my opinions and theories were strong, I had performing and arguing skills, and my ideas would consist of principles rather than sciences. The simple lifestyle of the philosopher appeals to me. I enjoyed the unusual behaviors that I associated myself with. All that really interested me was the great mysteries of philosophy, and the questions of knowing oneself, which I devoted my life to learning and teaching. Mark Your teaching was remarkable and much can be learned from studying it even after your death; why is that you never bothered to record your works for later generations? Socrates Many have asked this before and for quite obvious reasons. Most other noteworthy historical figures did keep a record of their works ever since the invention of written language, yet not one of mine exists in writing. I do not exactly know the reason for this. Whether there are records of my work or not, does not matter. I will forever be remembered by my loyal pupils, the Athenian population, and the world. Furthermore, nothing I ever said was of too great importance. And to tell you the truth, I never really wanted to take the time to keep useless records. That nonsense did not concern me nearly as much as most of my other problems as a philosopher. I had to make money somehow, to support my wife and three sons. As you might have guessed, being a philosopher does not exactly bring you riches. One of the reasons I began teaching was to make money. Also, I had to deal with many peoples constant hatred of me, mainly due to my victories in debates against them. Some, with high political positions, even wanted me dead at points of my life. And one even succeeded. So, you see, no matter how simple and easy going my life may seem, there are quite a few difficulties attached to it. Mark Your trial and death are quite interesting and famous historical events. They have been interpreted by many and confused some; what caused you to make such drastic and unusual decisions, the consequence of which you knew forehand? Socrates This I am aware of. As a matter of fact, some even claim that I was mentally ill, and blame that as the cause for my actions. This of course I deny. The truth includes a mixture between my philosophical beliefs and the thoughts that have occurred to me during my last days. I always believed that there is an after-life. And that must have somehow influenced my decisions. Even though the religious part of this came to me only afterwards. At first many others and I thought that this ridiculous trial was an obvious hoax. Who would have thought that such a crime, which I was evidently not guilty of, be punished by the death penalty. I fooled with the court. They on the other hand were quite serious about it. In the last days, I realized that there was no way out. True I could have argued with the court and won. I could have escaped using the plan devised by my dear friends. But since there was a high-ranking leader who wanted me dead, it was going to happen no matter what. Furthermore, my governmental beliefs stand true in all situations; the law should be followed and that is all. There was not much I was willing to do. After some thinking, I decided to go along with the law, after all, I had lived a happy life. One that I was proud of living, no matter how unusual it may appear to others. I was an old man of seventy. I found and understood myself, and had achieved happiness and goodness. There was nothing more that I desired. I knew what was waiting for me after death and was ready for it.

An Essay on the Jaded Truths of Sex Love free essay sample

There is this mistake many of us who have yet to fall in love, or at the very least come to grips with an adequate definition of what that word actually means make on a fairly consistent basis. Make no mistake I am not the wisest man on the planet, nor have I ever claimed to be but I think there are few pieces of knowledge that I have picked up along my journey this far and it seems only fair that I impart them on those willing to listen in order to spare them some heartache and sadness. There are a few major points to which I will draw major attention to, there are a variety of others but as I want this to remain a simple essay, allowing for enough interest to be generated in order to finish it I will keep it as condensed as I can. The topics to be discussed with are these; sex and love, and the relation between the two. This will not be an essay in the traditional sense which would see a number of quotations and citations interspersed in the body of the text, but one complied rather as a retelling of some of the knowledge I have gained through experience. Let us start with love, such a novel word seems to be tossed about in our modern society more than ever before (although that is because those of us alive to claim that now were not alive ever before in order to properly determine that) still perhaps something has gone wrong to allow for this to happen. Of course we are all aware of the most prominent modern use of the word, which has to do primarily with thus of us of the male population who to impress all of their high school friends by sleeping with their girlfriend tells her the magic word which is suppose to swoon her off her feet, make her dizzy with desire and get you faster towards your end goal faster than anything else you have ever tried. Well done men, really aced that one. Though I fi nd it very hard to believe that those lucky members of the female population have not yet figured this scheme out, as it is not particularly subtle or clever. So let us suppose for a minute that this is the case and that all those girls in high school are waiting to hear that magical word, in anticipation that it signifies the final step towards taking the plunge, towards â€Å"hitting a home run† in the most crude terms. What a terrible situation this is then that we have arrived at isn’t it? Where the word of love and the mere uttering of the word is no longer designated for the upper most levels of affection but instead it is used simply as a tool for the advancement of bedroom activities. Though the previous statement is for men, I have no idea as to whether or not women employ this trick just as readily in order to get sex. Though if it does indeed go both ways than the situation as become far more grievous than anticipated. The other major problem with this whole love situation, (referring of course to the announcement of love prematurely, when neither party is truly ready for it) and with that the receiving party feels; 1) obligated upon receiving the â€Å"love† word and that they therefore should reciprocate the word and 2) leading to one or both parties taken to a state of confusion as to whether or not the other party or themselves in fact really truly believe what they are saying. Then of course with both parties in a state of confusion they continue to progress down the path to the perceived end goal which will only cement this proposed â€Å"love† that the two parties share. That is the topic for the following paragraph. Firstly I do believe some clarification is in order to all those readers still under the influence of the perception that â€Å"sex† is to â€Å"love making† what the â€Å"sun† is to so many other stars in the sky, that they are one in the same. This is entirely false, so much so that I am not even sure that there are words at my disposal equal to the task of describing how different these two things are. The notion that they are the same has led to many a problematic situation, especially among those who see their first time as â€Å"the making of love†, so I shall now attempt to break down the world of virginity and the loss thereof to all those who are feeling lost. There seems to be this perception that the loss of virginity is something entirely different to both sides, that the female loss is this tragic loss of innocence, a loss of something that was sacred and can never be redeemed. While on the other hand the male loss is viewed as being something else entirely, more masculine, a right of passage, and a gateway to the world sort of thing. This is entirely an error, one quite drastic to say the least. Men, while in an attempt to seem macho and masculine may shrug the first time off as something meaningless, just a bit of harmless fun that is i ntended in no way to hurt anyone’s feelings do interestingly enough feel quite similarly about the loss of virginity as females do. (This cannot of course be applied to all subjects of both populations but rather the majority of them). A loss is a loss, regardless of who is doing the losing, the major point here is that in a case where let us suggest two people lose their virginity at the same time they will both feel in someway connected, but the woman slightly more so, placing the guy ahead in terms of emotional disconnect, leading the man to be the one which is more than likely to shrug the act off as nothing (the other part is that men have a tendency to hide their emotions, especially ones that will make them seem weak, effeminate or â€Å"pussy† thus they are usually hidden). This is entirely turned on its head when the man goes in as a virgin; felt the aforementioned connection and the other party did not reciprocate. Thus the man quite interestingly enough will receive the feeling of hurt and lost that we most commonly attribute to the woman in the situation. The real point that has been attempted to be made here is that sex equals sex and love making equals love making, very rarely do the two ever co-exist in harmony where both parties enjoy the same feeling to the act in question. Most often one side feels something while the other side feels nothing whatsoever, and someone gets hurt but if this confusion could start to be rectified as a whole within the community of our youth I do believe that there is a good chance that such situations of hurt could be avoided, sex is sex, and losing yourself in some sort of emotional fantasy over the first time is a useless waste of time.