Historical Fiction Book Report

Furthermore, after almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader, Greenroom finally surrendered with his armed forces to General Nelson Miles. Also during 1886, a massive and destructive hurricane demolished the town of Dianna in the state of Texas. Based on my knowledge of life in 1886, if the story were to take place in in Daly City in 2014, the story would greatly differ. Roads would be evenly and more efficiently paved. Modernized cars would replace horseback transportation. Likewise, farms would be replaced by studier homes, markets, and stores.Ellen Elizabeth Hawkins features as the main character of the story. A motherless twelve-year old, Ellen is adventurous and protective of others. Ellen is spirited and is willing to journey to far off lands. As in the story, because she enjoys an adventure, Ellen sets off into the distance to go rescue her Grandfather who has mysteriously disappeared. Just as her mother, Ellen is protective of animals, family, and all living beings. She trea ts her mare, Detroit with respect and is always concerned of Grandpa's safety. However, Ellen may be rebellious at times of suspense.In addition, Grandpa and Detroit, as stated before, are also two important characters of the story. Grandpa, humorous and welcoming, is the only support that is given to Ellen. He has also taught Ellen the hard life as a cowboy and the effort that it may take. Detroit, loyal and obedient, is Allen's fierce mare and use of transportation that travels without rest or fear of what is to come. To get the story started, author Kathleen Due uses a strong introduction that describes the conflict or situation, an intense drought and its immense heat. She begins by stating the shortage of water and supplies.As said, the central problem consists of a fearful drought that is causing immense heat and water shortage. The farm windmill is broken and the herd of bulls and cows has scattered in search of water. Allen's father is away on business and Grandpa is hurt. E llen is now left alone with her toughest challenge to save the ranch. The central problem is soon resolved with Allen's determination and perseverance. The drought finally comes to an end and it begins to rain. Ellen heals Grandpa's wounds and returns the Hereford bull after a dangerous aisle.Her father is home safe and Ellen has proved her worth as a cowboy. â€Å"American Diaries: Ellen Elizabeth Hawkins† is an exciting and action-packed story. This story is similar to another story I have read, entitled â€Å"Warriors: Fire and Ice† because both main characters face tough challenges and fierce conditions. Both main characters must also prove their worth in being or becoming something. Both stories are also alike in that they revolve around a journey or conflict to find or save something. Just as in † American Diaries:

Finding The Blessing Of God In Cancer Essay

The concept of death and the association journey towards this state has been the focus of intense interest among psychologists, clinicians and therapists for the last few decades. Efforts towards a better understanding of the psychological side of death and dying have been mostly due to the significant increase in the number of case of physician-assisted suicide, as well as spiritual awareness and religiosity. There are currently an increasing number of reports that link spirituality and healing (O’Mahony et al. , 2005). Analysis of the psychological and spiritual condition of terminally ill patients, as well as their immediate family relatives, will provide a means to better understand the dynamic conditions that may be associated with their journey to the end of life. When a patient is informed by his physician that he has cancer, his life suddenly changes in an instant. The patient’s state of mind is filled with both fear and hope, that maybe there is a cure to this and that maybe he will directly proceed to his last few months on this planet. In addition, a patient’s knowledge of having cancer affects his immediate family (Lipsman et al. , 2007). Research has indicated that several factors have facilitated cancer patients in going through the difficulty journey of life with cancer. It has been reported that communication has helped patients express their worries and concerns regarding their new health condition (Bar-Tal et al. , 2005). The value of the family’s perceptions of cancer becomes an essential part of the mental and emotional condition of the cancer patient. It has been established that the attitude of the patient’s family has influenced the degree of hope and faith in the patient. As for the case of Jimmy H, a two-year old boy with terminal cancer, the parents of this young boy have been very supportive and encouraging, regardless of the knowledge that the radiation therapy were only palliative and were not actually curing the patient. Yet the parents never gave up on supporting their little boy and not even one of the parents showed a trace of doubt that things will turn out to be okay for their little boy, or for themselves as parents. The radiation therapist, Franklin, is amazed at the strength in spirit that this family has shown, amidst the grave knowledge that their little boy will be gone soon. This case study shows that amidst the hardships and fear of a serious illness like cancer, human beings still find a way to accept the truth and learn from it. The case of Jimmy H and his parents battling cancer is a story of resilience and hope, when the normal reaction of any other individual to a life of cancer is helplessness, hopelessness, anger and distress. The family of Jimmy H shows that death could be regarded as the end stage of a journey and that their own attitudes during this journey may be happy or sad, depending on what they chose it to be. It is the decision of Jimmy H’s family to live the rest of their son’s life with hope, faith and love, regardless of the pain that their son would experience during his last few months on earth. The constant prayers that the family has been doing have also helped them accept the truth that cancer is present in their son. There are reports that describe the influence of prayer on healing, with supporting medical explanations for the improvement of the conditions of both patients and the members of the family (Anandarajah, 2008). It is also possible that the family of Jimmy H understands their current situation from another point of view and this is through finding the mean of life, which is in their case not based on cancer, but on the opportunity to give love and care for one another, despite the shortness and difficulty of the condition of their family. It is thus understandable that even with cancer in the family, Jimmy H and his parents could still face their lives with calmness and hope, because they see that there is more to life than pain and suffering but the chance of sharing their lives with each other and providing themselves as good examples of perseverance to others as well. References Anandarajah, G. (2008). The 3H and BMSEST models for spirituality in multicultural whole-person medicine. Annals in Family Medicine, 6,448-458. Bar-Tal, Y. , Barnoy, S. and Zisser, B. (2005). Whose informational needs are considered? A comparison between cancer patients and their spouses’ perceptions of their own and their partners knowledge and informational needs. Social Science Medicine, 60,1459-1465. Lipsman, N. , Skanda, A. , Kimmelman, J. and Bernstein, M. (2007). The attitudes of brain cancer patients and their caregivers towards death and dying: A qualitative study. BMC Palliative Care, 6,7-17. O’Mahony, S. , Goulet, J. , Kornblith, A. , Abbatiello, G. , Clarke, B. , Kless-Siegel, S. , Breitbart, W. and Payne, R. (2005). Desire for hastened death, cancer pain and depression: report of a longitudinal observational study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 29,446-457.

Baroque and Renaissance comparison

Art of the middle ages (which lasted from the 5th to the 13th century) was very religious in tone and content, especially in Europe. Art was overwhelmingly funded by the church, as the catholic church was the dominating force in European politics and had a greater influence than the political state. Portraits of the Madonna were very common. Paintings were very often produced by members of religious orders such as monasteries. It is interesting to note that most of the art produced was in the form of paintings often done in illustrated manuscripts. The figures in paintings reduced in this era were very flat.The colors were very muted most of the time, with the exception of using real gold leaf as an accent. The figures in paintings of the era rarely had shadows and possessed narrow faces with solemn expressions. There was no perspective in art of the middle ages; all of the paintings were flat and one- dimensional. Artists of the era made little to no attempt at realism. There was a fair amount of artistic evolution towards the end of the era. Paintings became brighter in color and tended towards more realistic imagery. Perception Egan to develop, causing images to look less flat.Paintings began to use different lighting and incorporate shadows. Art in the Medieval era evolved into more realistic imagery. (â€Å"Middle Ages Art. † Middle Ages Art. N. P. , n. D. Web. 15 DCE. 2013. ) The evolution in art of the later middle ages culminated with the Renaissance era (the 14th to 16th centuries). It refers to a cultural rebirth. The influence of the church began to wane, allowing for the political states to regain power. The move towards secularism bled into the art of this era. Art was patronized less by the church and ore by wealthy, independent investors who were usually royalty of some sort.Renaissance artists began to study perspective. They used figures with more emotions. Oil paints in brighter colors became more commonly used. Paintings incorporated b righter sources of light. Thus the paintings of the Renaissance era became far more realistic. As it is a rebirth, the art of the Renaissance era was heavily influenced by classic Greek and Roman art. Classical mythology became a subject for many works. Artists of the era portrayed gods such as Mars, the Roman do of war, in ways similar to how he was portrayed by the ancient Romans.The influence of the Greeks and Romans also gave more believable proportions to human figures. The images of clothing looked more realistic, giving them the illusion of movement and fluidity. (â€Å"Characteristics Of Renaissance Art. † Characteristics Of Renaissance Art. N. P. , 9 May 2011. Web. 15 DCE. 2013. ) Art of the era had a greater focus on naturalism. Paintings of realistic landscapes became increasingly common. They were made realistic by an increased understanding of believable space and perspective. The sense of depth became more realistic.The study of perspective allowed for spaces to look more realistic as backgrounds, which was not something that was focused on during the middle ages. The Renaissance was the culmination of all the social, political, and religious changes of the middle ages. It was reflected in the religious tones of art in the middle ages. And while art of the Renaissance became more secular and broader in subject matter, there was still a great deal of religious art. Catholics of the middle ages became interested in Greek and Roman mythology, which became a common theme n Renaissance art.The Catholic church began to look more at Greek philosophy. The middle ages began to consider the human condition, which ended up as a common theme during the Renaissance. The middle ages were entirely ruled by the church. But during the Renaissance, there was a bit of a backlash due to heavy corruption. The art of the Renaissance was far less religious in tone. It explored more themes, such as philosophy, the human condition, and the mythology of the Greeks as Romans. The church commissioned nearly all of the art produced during the middle ages, which is the reason for the overwhelming theme of religion.The Madonna and many Catholic saints are portrayed in the art of that era, and it was often produced by members of the church, clergy, or monasteries. With the shift away from the church during the Renaissance, the art of the era became more secular. The greatest difference between the styles of the middle ages and the Renaissance is realism. While art of the middle ages predominantly lacked a realistic look, it became the focus of most Renaissance art. Perspective was also introduced near the beginning of the Renaissance era, lending greater depth to paintings reduced in this era.While the paintings of the middle ages looked flat with slightly dull colors, the paintings of the Renaissance era had depth and became more vibrant in color due to the increased use of oil paints. (â€Å"The Relationship between the Middle Ages and Renaissan ce. † Web log post. Pious Fabrications. N. P. , 30 Cot. 2011. Web. 15 DCE. 2013. ) Madonna and Child was painted by Paolo did Giovanni Fee during the sass's. The colors are muted, but the background and the frame are leafed in gold. The figures, especially the hands of both and the feet on the baby, are unrealistic.

Discuss the significance of cycle time to quality Essay

Discuss the significance of cycle time to quality - Essay Example This involves move time, wait time, processing time, execution time, inspection time and only the first which creates value. The result of cycle time increase comes along attributed to poor quality in the component parts, poor layout plan, and inadequate availability of resources and finally poor sequencing of activities. It is notable that there exist relationship between cycle time and quality of a process or a product. This relationship is focused in the context of management on customer process and the key major area of concern is to reduce cycle time to achieve good quality. From this companies and organizations achieve competitive advantage by reducing cycle time which maintaining high quality (Evans, 2010). Scope and overview of cycle time and quality It is notable that in competitive corporate markets there is increasing demand for more rapid response to clients and customers, shorter product and service and its cycle time. The fast response attributed to shorter cycle time i s one of core quality attribute. Reducing the cycle times and rapid response to customers usually results when processes, tasks, functions and job whereby all are designed to achieve high quality as well as response goals. To achieve the desired quality all the designs, activities, processes measuring the cycle time and responsiveness (Roman Gumzej, 2010). Response and cycle time improvements have been highly associated to improvements in quality which is a core component of gaining competitive advantage as well as improved productivity. Therefore it can be argued that managers need to consider response time, productivity and quality in all their strategic plans. Cycle time and quality Cycle time one of the core competitiveness factors in the context of quality that is mainly focused for improvement. It is notable that fast and reduced cycle time improves customer satisfaction as well as the internal management operations of a company or organization. Cycle time improvement is a cor e aspect of total quality management and the core major relationship is that a fast cycle time and improves quality mutually reinforces one another. In regard to customer satisfaction these include cost ownership, quality product features and on-time delivery. For internal management operations of an organization includes quality improvement in regard to time-to-market on products, improving product costs, employee morale and development expense (Roman Gumzej, 2010). Other competitive factors taken into account cycle time improvement are among those who are highly emphasized. It is notable that improving cycle time increases product and service quality. This brings in the assertion that faster cycle time and improved product and service quality are mutually reinforcing each other. This is attributed to the fact that faster and reduced cycle time reinforced with improved feedback loop for quality. This mainly results into a fast rate of service and product quality improvement. On the other hand higher quality usually improves the cycle time because less effort is used in executing work. Cycle time and quality improvement The cycle-time improvement factors should be consistent with the total quality guidance and procedures. These guidelines and procedures consist of various cycle time reduction tools. In the context of production and manufacturing industry, just-in-time strategy and simultaneous execution of operations is adopted. These

Final worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final worksheet - Essay Example The project will strive to touch on everything learnt throughout the term although it will focus more on the aspect of male gaze and how it is related to today’s media from my own perspective. It will be unique in the sense that it will focus on male gaze in today’s world unlike how we only discussed past history over the term. What steps are/will you take to complete the project? How will you record your steps? (We can only evaluate what you present to us. For example, you may work for weeks on the creation and analysis of a coed football game. However, if by the end of the term all you share is that you held the game, we don’t see the fullness of your commitment. Images, interviews, journaling, and post analysis are all good ways to document what you did.) Explain in detail all the process and procedure you are intending to complete to create, implement, and complete your research project. My major focus will be to create an art piece and to keep a journal of all my project activities, why I undertake the activities, and what they stand for, in order to document all the experiences during the project work. I will also focus on creating rough drafts and sketches to show how the piece of art changes during the entire experience. List which readings, lectures, and activities you have completed in class that are leading you to designing your final project the way you are currently thinking? Remember that a minimum of three readings must be cited. Other sources, lectures, activity examples and the like may also be referenced and are highly encouraged. The major reading learnt in class that my project will be based on is â€Å"Bergers Ways of seeing†, although I will also borrow a few ideas from â€Å"Horowitz† readings. The other reading that I plan to borrow some information is the reading titled â€Å"Gender and Art†, by Gill Perry, which we learnt in class in the beginning of the term. The readings will form the foundation of the

The sun also rises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The sun also rises - Essay Example Even though the generation following the war was usually referred to as â€Å"The Lost Generation†, the title of the book and its closing content is quite optimistic. Of course there may be many reasons why Hemingway chose this title and this paper will review his reasons for why he chose it. Jake Barnes, the main character and the narrator of the novel, was a veteran of The World War I, who later worked as a journalist in Paris. This book is a narration of the problems he had faced following the war and how he finally recovered from them. The author probably takes this as the theme behind the title. The initial pages of the book, recounts an injury that had caused many troubles to Jake, one among which included his inability to have sex. This had made Jack feel insecure about his masculinity and that he is less of a man that he was before. The fact that Brett, who was the love of his life, refused to enter into a relationship with Jake because of his impotency had made him feel very unhappy and depressed and had added to his insecurity. In many ways Jake was a typical member of what Gertrude Stein called â€Å"The Lost Generation†, which referred to the generation that experienced the grueling effects of World War 1, and when people had lost their belief in moral ity, faith and justice. The people of the Lost Generation lived an aimless life and spent their time engaged in worthless activities like boozing and dancing. In the early chapters of the book Jake’s character reminds the reader of the people of the Lost Generation, as he spent most of his time in the bar getting drunk. However, in the later chapters of the book and true its title, the sun does begin to shine on Jake. It narrates how Jake learned to find a solution for his problems, and how he no longer considered his impotency as a major issue. One realizes this for the first time when Jake goes out fishing in Burguete with his friend Bill Gorton. There, Jake truly enjoys his

Research study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research study - Assignment Example He asserts that several elements can be used to define quality of goods and services. Such factors include performance, operational features, aesthetics, reliability, durability, conformity, perceived quality and serviceability. Garvin reiterates that satisfaction among customers should not be restrained to goods alone. It should also be extended to services. According to the research, it is clear that customers establish a balance between price and benefits obtained from the goods and services acquired. For this reason, the research emphasizes that marketers should often equate value of goods and services with price. In order for businesses to deliver excellent services and products, they should exactly understand customers’ tastes and preferences. However, it is worth noting that different customers have various perspectives pertaining to what they really value in goods and services. Typically, not all dimensions used by businessmen to attract customers are appealing to them in a similar way bearing in mind that preference of certain brands by marketers is an indication of how customers perceive their goods and services. According to Garvin (2009), businesses should try as much as possible to comprehend their clients’ tastes and perspectives. Consequently, they will be able to increase the success rate of marketing their merchandises. For instance, Big W is a departmental store located in Australia that deals with sales of major products such as households, leisure, health, farm, entertainments and kids’ products. In the process of expanding its sales coverage, it has established a series of stores in Australia. At the same time, the company has increased several components including grocery. Currently, the company has put in place several links both at the local and international level. Needless to say, employees and managers in the company are very keen in analysing and adhering to consumers’ tastes and preferences. The researche r defines quality characteristics targeted in the research. The researchers note that entrepreneurship in business is about exchanges between buyers and manufacturers. Since it is continuous process, business men ensure that they win customers favour for future. For this purpose, it is important to understand the quality characteristics of products or services in order to ensure constant inflow of customers. Companies are able to sustain a royal group by offering quality products and services hence guaranteeing their future sale. Vividly, customers influence on future purchase is dependent on the present quality of goods and services obtained in the market. If at any time they feel dissatisfied, they are likely to change their purchase sites in future. It is evident from research conducted that, the quality of products derived from companies highly influence purchases in future either positively or negatively. Further, the researcher notes that it is advisable for businesses to fost er qualitative satisfaction to clients and their target groups. This can be done by conducting an analysis of clients’ preferences. The latter analysis will assist businesses to identify which products are highly preferred and to what extent customers are willing to purchase them. Additionally, considering customers preferences will help business men to make vital and reliable decisions that will favour customers. In line with this, this will help companies to optimize on more designs in terms of services and products. In order to accomplish this, they

Assignment3-552 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment3-552 - Essay Example The legal reason is the school district faces liability charges against it. 4. When Principal Warren meets with the superintendent he tell him that evaluation of all the teachers was already been done while this is particularly not true. He could have given the correct details to the superintendent. 5. Another thing that he does that can be termed as an error is when he substitutes the sick biology teacher with a parent. He does this without taking into consideration that there is need to be qualified and proper replacement process that is supposed to be followed (Sharma, 2009). 7. The principal does not go through the proper procedure that is supposed to be taken in a case where a teacher is being subbed. He should have made sure that the sub’s credentials are checked and she is briefed on how far the class had gone through syllabus. 8. It is also not allowed to hire any teaching staff without the consultation of the Board of Governors. Principal Warren would have made sure that he did this before seeking a sub for the biology teacher. 10. When he goes to evaluate one of the teachers he only stays for 20 minutes and then leaves never to come again. This period is far below the period that is recommended for the observation of teachers. 11. He approves a trip for a class to go to a factory without waiting for parents to sign the permission forms. The reason that he gives is that the same class had recently visited the zoo. However, these are two different trips and permissions should be sought for every trip. 13. The other thing that he does is suspending a student over the allegations that he had punched the Board President’s daughter (International Conference on Education and Educational Technology & Wang, 2011). 15. Despite knowing that the students are supposed to be in class for the first lesson, he does nothing when he finds Bill

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Comparison - Essay Example Similarities Irrespective of whether communication is in-person or electronic, it consists of some basic elements that ensure the transfer of information. Both in-person and electronic communication therefore follows an outline, with specific elements of the communication process. The first element is the piece of information to be transferred as it forms the basis of communication. Further, there must be a sender. This party has the piece of information and wishes to transfer it to another party. The sender then uses an encoding process to disseminate the message in a form that can be understood by the receiver. The encoded information is then transmitted from the sender’s location to the recipient’s location. Once the receiver gets the information in its encoded form, he or she decodes the message into an understanding that generates reaction to the received message. Such a reaction facilitates a response to the sender to complete the communication process. The commun ication process, whether in in-person or electronic is also subject to noise in the transmission channel that develops barriers between the sender and the receiver. Electronic communication also has variety of features that corresponds to those of the different types of in-person communication. This is because it incorporates a majority of characteristics of in person communication elements. ... Incorporated voice applications have also been developed to allow for electronic voice communication. An example is using ‘skype’. This approach corresponds to a number of voice based in-person communication approaches with particular similarity to telephone and mobile phone calls. In both cases, the sender disseminates information and receives an immediate response through a dual line oral communication. Similarly, application of audio visual devices to electronic communication has establish its similarity to the interactive face to face in-person communication in which parties to a communication both hear and see one another during a communication process. The similarity compares meeting based communication in face-to-face communication to video conferencing in electronic communication. Both of the approaches offer an interactive forum in which parties to the communication can be organized into a discussion forum. These features identify electronic communication as a c omprehensive approach that combines different features of in-person communication towards application of a multipurpose communication method that can fit into different applications. Electronic communication and in-person communication also share a similarity in their ability to promote teamwork among members of a group. Based on the common features in both methods of communication, they link group members towards interpersonal communication and even interactions. As a result, they both develop interpersonal bonds and understanding that facilitates cohesion. This leads to focus on goals and a resultant corporation towards building teamwork. The features and functionalities of in-person communication and electronic communication also identify a

Slides Marketing Presentation Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Slides Marketing Presentation Starbucks Essay You should know this, because you are all part of the target group of starbucks. The target group of starbucks are young urban adults (approximately 18-45 year olds) coffee consumers in the capital area. This targeting would concentrate on consumers that value spending time in coffee stores that offer a relaxing and comfortable atmosphere. They are not only interested in grabbing a cup of coffee but also would like to enjoy the Starbucks experience. For this they would be willing to spend a little over the average price for specialty coffees. Therefore the target segment would mainly concern young adults (approximately 18-45 year olds) that have regular incomes. Marketing should be focused on reaching youth customers with varying tastes and interests. Starbucks strives to provide excellent service and along with its large variety of products the comfortable atmosphere that Starbucks’ stores have, also offers young adults the chance to sit down and relax if they wish. The lifestyle of urban young adults is also typically fairly hectic, which suits Starbucks’ coffee-to-go culture. Slide 3: As we know it is more expensive to attract new customers than it is to retain current ones. Starbucks knows this and this fact confirms it. How do they do this? We’ll get into this during the presentation. Slide 15: One of the principles of Starbucks is to recognize that profitability is essential to their future success. They want to achieve this goal, by reinventing its food menu. The assumption is that its loyal fans are willing to pay top-dollar for a cup of coffee, so they must be able to afford a snack or lunch on the side. Food contributed about 22% of Starbucks’s same-store sales growth in the U.S. in the latest quarter, with the help of new items like salad bowls. The company is focusing on productivity through new products and a very important expansion through the grocery channel, where they are making great strides with K-Cups and other products that give their brand a presence in consumers’ homes. So basically, their goal in the future is to achieve a bigger market share worldwide and create a bigger profitability.

Impregnation of Calcium Chloride on Activated Carbon Surface

Impregnation of Calcium Chloride on Activated Carbon Surface This performance of solar refrigerator is based on some key parameters like ammonia carrying capacity, adsorption rate, heat transfer mechanism, stability etc., this paper presents the stepwise detailed preparation of consolidated calcium chloride impregnated on the surface on activated carbon. Ammonia was charged into the tube containing blocks under high pressure of 7 bars was applied during initial charging session and total adsorption was noticed in 25 minutes and the process was repeated. The total amount of ammonia adsorbed was 2.4 kg and was capable of taking more ammonia. Agglomeration effect was totally avoided by the even distribution of calcium chloride on the surface of activated carbon. Carbon was activated at elevated temperature of 700 C for optimum properties. 1. Introduction Solar refrigeration and heat pump are machines that work on wide range of temperature, especially when ammoniates or ammonia derivatives are involved as sorbents then temperature can range from -50oC to 300oC [1]. Furthermore it is environmentally benign and it does not contribute to global warming or ozone layer depletion. They do not usually utilize CFCs or HCFCs as refrigerants. This type of refrigeration is based on the phenomena of adsorption which is a surface phenomenon in which one is adsorbent and second is adsorbate or refrigerant. Two main types of adsorbents are used, one is physical adsorbent like activated carbon in which the adsorbate/refrigerant is adsorbed on its surface by week Vander Waals forces. This process  is dependent on the surface area of adsorbent. It is said that one gram of activated carbon has an area equal to the area of a tennis yard. The mass of adsorbate/refrigerant adsorbed in this process is very less because of weak Vander Waal forces. The second type of adsorbent is chemical adsorbent like Calcium chloride. When it comes to sorption capacity we use chemical adsorbents. The mass of refrigerant incorporated here could be as high as 1.05 kg/kg salt [2]. But there are two serious concerns with this, one is granular salts have very low thermal conductivity and second is the agglomeration phenomenon. The salts after some cycle s of adsorption and desorption it undergoes it swells, compacts and agglomerates, which leads to drastic reduction of the surface area and ultimately reduces the adsorption capacity. Wang et al. [3] mixed activated carbon with calcium chloride salt which overcame the phenomenon of agglomeration and observed a constant adsorption capacity. Lu et al. [4] observed specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c cooling power ranging from 111.2 to 865.8 W/kg using adsorption ice maker. Vasiliev et al. [5] used carbon fiber with calcium chloride and reported to have increased heat and mass transfer phenomena and overcome agglomeration. Later Mauran et al. patented a process to make impregnated consolidate blocks of calcium chloride and activated carbon. Han and Lee [6] found the thermal conductivity of different salts impregnated in expanded graphite blocks and measured values close to 50 W m-1 K-1 when the amount of expanded graphite was 70%. Ammonia is used as refrigerant and the process of chemisorption is governed the following two basic equations. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CaCl2.2NH3+2NH3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CaCl2.4NH3 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CaCl2.4NH3+4NH3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CaCl2.8NH3 This process of impregnation of calcium chloride on the surface of activated carbon not only ensures uniform distribution of calcium chloride on the surface of activated carbon but also avoids agglomeration over many synthesis cycles. Balat and Spinner [7] reported that the texture of expanded graphite favors the mass transfer of the adsorbate/refrigerant which leads to improved kinetics when activated carbon combined with a salt is used in the chemisorption system. Experimental Setup and Results: The following steps were performed during formation of composites blocks of calcium chloride and activated carbon: Heat treatment of calcium chloride and activated carbon, Making solution of water and calcium chloride and mixing it with expanded graphite, Impregnation of calcium chloride in expanded graphite Calcination of hydrated calcium chloride into calcium chloride, Grinding of the dried impregnated mixture of calcium chloride and activated carbon and finally formation of consolidated blocks from powder obtained from grinding. Heat treatment of carbon: In the experiment performed by Wang et al [6] the expanded graphite is heated at the temperature of 300oC. But according to Han et al the temperature of the heat treatment influences the degree of expansion and these authors stressed on the importance of expanded graphite at temperature higher than 600oC to ensure a proper expansion. Han and his co-worker [9] also noted that the graphite expanded at temperatures above 700oC had the lowest densities and at least twice the porosity of expanded graphite treated at 500oC. The expanded graphite used has the chemical composition given in table. The heat treatment of carbon powders was carried out to increase its porosity and to remove the contaminants from the carbon powders. Carbon powders were placed in container and placed in an electric oven at 100oC for 7 hours in order to remove the moisture contents contained in it. 2kg of carbon powders were placed in two separate aluminum vessels in the oven at 100oC for 7 hours. After this it is placed in desiccators to avoid absorption of moisture contents till the start of the second process. In the last step heat the carbon powders obtained from the first step in vacuum at 700oC in a tube furnace for a dwell time of 14 minutes. Procedure: Put small amount of carbon powders in blind stainless steel tube of diameter 1.5 inches and length 15 inches and press them with a rammer so that the tube can hold a maximum amount of carbon powders. After placing the carbon powders in the tube seal the open end of the pipe with wire gauze with †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ mesh and cotton cloth in order to prevent sucking of carbon powder by vacuum pump connected through a plate at the open end, tight the end cap of the tube to avoid infiltration of air into the tube. If air enters the tube in the heating process underway simply oxidation of the powder takes place. Then Place the tube in the tube furnace and connect it with the vacuum pump to remove the air entrapped in the tube and any other residual gases produce during heating of carbon powders. In the experiment by Wang et al. [2] expansion of graphite above 700 C has no significant effect on the reduction of the density of activated carbon also Hans [3] and coworkers shows that carbon expande d at a temperature of 700 C has lowest density and twice the porosity as compared to expansion at 500 C, so the temperature of the furnace is set at 700 oC giving a ramp rate of 10 oC/minute. When the temperature of the furnace reached 700 oC we set the machine at a dwell time of 14 minutes in order for carbon powder to undergo full expansion. After that the furnace was turned off and the tube was allowed to cool down. When the furnace cools down remove the carbon powders from the tube and stored it in a desiccator. The furnace takes one and a half hour to reach 700oC and 2 hours for cooling the tube as a result this process took us a lot of time. About 150 grams of carbon powder were expanded in a single run. This process was repeated until a total mass of 2.4 kilograms of expanded graphite was obtained. Tube used for holding the carbon powder in tube furnace: A tube was designed to hold the carbon powders in the tube furnace. The tube was made of stainless steel which can withstand high temperature of the tube furnace. A metal plate is welded to one end of the pipe to permanently close one side of the pipe and the other end was left open for pouring the powders into the tube. A cap was made to seal the open end of the pipe after filling with the carbon powders. The cap has an extension pipe for connecting the tube with the vacuum pump. A 300 grid mesh was used before the cap and cotton cloth was also applied to avoid the suction of carbon powders into the vacuum pump. The cap itself is made of two metal plates. One plate has a groove of 3 mm depth and a diameter equal to the pipe diameter which holds the tube in place. The two plates were bolted with each other through four nuts and bolts. The specifications of the tube are given below; Total length30 in Diameter of tube1.5 in Volume of tube0.000376m3 Density of carbon450 kg/m3 Mass of carbon0.1693 kg Table.2 dimensions of vacuum tube Heating of calcium chloride: Heat treatment of calcium chlorides was also carried out remove the moisture content and any contaminants in it. 2. Experimental procedure: The following steps are carried out during the heat treatment of the calcium chloride. Since calcium chloride salt is very hygroscopic in nature and it absorb moisture very easily. Put 4kg of calcium chloride salt in stainless steel vessels and covered the mouths of the vessels with aluminum foils. Small holes were made in aluminum foil for the moistures and gases to escape out of the vessels. These vessels were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 100oC for 10 hours to remove the moisture contents out of the calcium chloride salt. After heating calcium chloride salt at 100oC. It is then placed in desiccators to avoid the absorption of moisture by the salt until next step. Preparation of solution of calcium chloride and activated carbon using distilled water: After the heat treatment of calcium chloride and activated carbon 60% salt solution of calcium chloride in distilled water is prepared. 4kg of calcium chloride and about 7 liters of distilled water was used for making solution. Activated carbon is then stirred thoroughly in bottle and poured into the solution of calcium chloride salt and stirred for some time for uniform mixture. Based on the result of Wang et al. [6] best performance is shown when calcium chloride and expanded graphite are mixed in the ratio of 4:1. Figure: 60% solution of calcium chloride and water Figure: mixture of solution of calcium chloride and activated carbon Impregnation of calcium chloride in expanded graphite: The solution is then dried for 10 hour at 110 0C in an electric oven to remove free water and allow Impregnation of calcium chloride in expanded graphite. This figure shows the final shape of uniform mixture of activated carbon and calcium chloride salt when it loses all water in an electric oven. Calcination of hydrated calcium chloride into anhydrous calcium chloride: After impregnation of calcium chloride on the surface of expanded graphite the solution is again heated in an oven at 250oC for 7 hours [] to calcinate the calcium chloride as a result the hydrated calcium chloride become anhydrous. CaCl2.nH2O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CaCl2 + nH2O Grinding When the solution is dried and dehydrated in the electric oven the mixture is grinded in the grinding machine to make fine powder of the composite materials. The fine powders are then placed in desiccators in order to avoid the absorption of moistures by the powders until the next process. Die used for making consolidated blocks: In order to compress the obtained the powder above under pressure of 10 MPa using UTM it is placed in the mold shown below. The die consists of a cylindrical tube, a piston, a metal plate at the bottom of cylindrical tube and stainless steel rod. The cylindrical tube, metal plate and piston is made of mild steel. Graining of piston and cylindrical tube is done to make the surface smother so that block would not stuck in it after compression under immense pressure. No binder was used in the compaction of powder into consolidate blocks. Specification of cylinder are given below Thickness of cylindrical tube is 5mm and its height is 152.4 mm. Internal diameter is 50 mm. Specification of piston are given below Height is 15 in Diameter of piston is 49mm The piston having a hole at its center is lengthwise whose inner diameter is 15 mm. Figure: Die for making consolidated blocks of calcium chloride and activated carbon Consolidate blocks Formation: To make hollow cylinder of obtained powder under UTM following steps were followed. The resulted powder (impregnated with calcium chloride) are poured into the cylindrical part of the die through funnel, then a piston is placed on the top and a small load is applied manually to make the powder a bit compressed. The die is fitted in a UTM and pressed under 10MPa of load. [10] Figure: composite blocks of calcium chloride and activated carbon The composite blocks are placed inside the test unit, experiments were performed and test results were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: EPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR CHARGING Charging of ammonia required great care because it is very dangerous and can cause blindness and even death when come in contact with human. Therefore during charging great care should be taken and all the safety rules must be followed. Before charging ammonia make sure that entire setup is leak proof and there is no leakage during charging or after charging. Compressor is connected to the generator line and whole system is evacuated from air and its noted that either vacuum is created or not by taking reading through pressure gauges attached to generator line. By performing these entire tests and conforming that no leakage is present the system is passed through the following steps. s.no.Initial pressure before chargingFinal pressure after chargingTime taken until  Ã‚   0 barMass adsorbed 1st run-1 bar6.0 bar25 min600 grams 2nd 0 bar7.0 bar39 min700 grams 3rd 0.4 bar8.0 bar30 min500 grams 4th 0.5 bar10 bar49 min750 grams 1.First of all generator line is heated for 3 hours at 100oC with the vacuum pump connected to remove the gases adsorbed in the adsorbent. This process is called degasing. 2.Secondly the system is evacuated using vacuum pump and it is placed idle for 30 minutes to find out whether any leakage is occurring or not. 3.   After the system is evacuated the compressor along with all plumbing is detached from generator line and ammonia charging hose is placed in place and tight fit is ensured. 4. Then charging line is connected with ammonia cylinder. The valve pipe connecting the ammonia tank and generator line is supplied with a manual valve. Initially the valve is opened slowly to flood the ammonia into the generator line, the pressure inside the generator line starts increasing. As ammonia starts adsorbing inside the pipe the pressured reduces while the manual valve is opened and closed at the succession of the processes. 5. After charging the system is closed using manual value to stop the further flow of ammonia and wait until the pressure in the system reduces due to adsorption of ammonia in the adsorbent material. 6.When the pressure reaches its minimum level the system is charged with ammonia again and wait until the pressure in the generator line decreases. 7.This process is repeated until 2.4kg of ammonia is charged into the system. The experimental data achieved during charging of the system is given in table given The total amount of ammonia charged into the system was about 2.4 kg. The mass of ammonia was find out using digital scale. The generator line is placed on the scale and mass is noted before and after charging. In this way mass of ammonia adsorbed is find out. CONCLUSIONS: The powders were successfully activated using available research facility. Impregnation of calcium chloride on the surface of activated carbon greatly enhances its ammonia carrying capacity and adsorption rate. The phenomena of agglomeration and swelling as depicted by literature survey was completely overcome and heat and mass transfer was efficiently enhanced. Because no binder was used in the blocks so blocks were made under relatively high compression using UTM. References: [1] E.E. Anyanwu, Environmental pollution: restructuring the refrigeration Industry as a way out, Int. J. Environ. Protect Eng. (2000). [2] Wang LW, Wang RZ, Wu JY, Wang K, Wang SG. Adsorption ice makers for à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ shing boats driven by the exhaust heat from diesel engine: choice of adsorption pair. Energy Convers Manage 2004; 45: 2043-57. [3].R.G. Oliveira*, R.Z. Wang1, C. Wang , Evaluation of the cooling performance of a consolidated expanded graphite calcium chloride reactive bed for chemisorption icemaker, International Journal of Refrigeration 30 (2007) 103e1122 R.G. Oliveira *, R.Z. Wang, A consolidated calcium chloride-expanded graphite compound for use in sorption refrigeration systems: Carbon 45 (2007) 390-3963 [4] Lu ZS, Wang RZ, Wang LW, Chen CJ. Performance analysis of an Adsorption refrigerator using activated carbon in a compound adsorbent. Carbon 2006; 44(4):747-52. [5] Vasiliev LL, Mishkinis DA, Antukh AA, Vasiliev LL. A solar and electrical solid sorption refrigerator. Int J Therm Sci 1999; 38(3):220-7. [6] Composite adsorbent of CaCl2 and expanded graphite for adsorption ice maker on fishing boats K. Wang, J.Y. Wu, R.Z. Wang, L.W. Wang Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China August 2005 [7] M. Balat, B. Spinner, Optimization of a chemical heat pump energetic density and power, Heat Recov. Syst. CHP 13 (3) (1993) 277e285. [8] Spinner B. Ammonia-based thermochemical transformers. Heat Recov Syst CHP 1993; 13(4):301-7. [9] Han JH, Cho KW, Lee KH, Kim H. Porous graphite matrix for chemical heat pumps. Carbon 1998; 36(12):1801-10. [10] A consolidated calcium chloride-expanded graphite compound for use in sorption refrigeration systems R.G. Oliveira, R.Z. Wang. Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 2006.

Relationship Between Media and Ethnic Minorities

Relationship Between Media and Ethnic Minorities INTRODUCTION At present, the relationship between the media and ethnic minorities has become a key issue, and a great number of professors have done lots of relatively research on this topic (Entman and Rojecki, 2000). Moreover, media has been argued that they provide an overall negative portrayal of racial minority group. Therefore, this report aims to critically analyze this argument. This study begins with illustrate the theory of ethnic minorities, especially the racial minority group. Then, the media portrayals of the racial were analyzed, which focused on analyzing the Black people and Islam groups news categories on the basis of research evidences. Finally, this report also points that the journalists who working as the media makers also provide the negative representations of the racial minority group. THE CONCEPT OF ENTHNIC MINORITIES Every country or large society contains ethnic minorities. They have their own lifestyle, language, culture and religions, which are distinct from the other communities (Adeno, 2002). Moreover, the social status of the ethnic minority is not only relating to the numerical but also linking to the political power (Cottle, 2000). Specifically, the ethnic minorities have the following features: They have smaller population than the rest of the population of the state They positioned as a non-dominant group in the state They have their own religion, language, culture etc that are different from the national people Their members have a will to continue to have their specificity Their members are not only the citizen of the state, but also belong to the minority (Greenberg and Brand, 1994). Apparently, they are not having a dominant position, and self-determination is the key issue for them (Cottle, 2000). That means ethnic minorities are a small group of people that have their specific personal behaviours in the state. RACIAL MINORITY GROUP At present, there is no conclusion or consensus about how to define, understand and analyse race (Audrey and Brian, 2005). On the basis of the historical research, race was marked by their physical or phonotypical appearance that was distinct from the social groups (Levi-Strauss, 1996).Furthermore, Malik (2001) thinks race is a physical form that has some common genetic characteristics of the population. That means racial people are different from the national people in skin colours, beliefs and rituals, language they speak and so on. They are a small group existing in the state and different from the other national people. MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF RACIAL MINORITY GROUP The media plays a significant role in providing the representation of the racial minority group to the public (Law, 2002). This part mainly focuses on analysing the portrayals of racial minority that are provided by the media. BLACK AS A PROBLEM AND A THREAT Historically, the US news coverage of blacks has charactericticsed as the people were lazier, less intelligent, less moral and more prone to crime than Whites (Stokes and Reading, 1999, p191). Moreover, as the first West Indian immigrants arrived at Empire Windrush in 1948 and the number of Black people resident in Britain has increased to more than one million. The word immigrant has been a synonym for Black although there has a large number of white immigrations at the same period. Therefore, most people would think about the rise of the Black people when they see the headline of IMMIGRANT BIRTHS UP (Bashi, 2004). Moreover, most white people regard dark pigmentation associate with dirt, poverty, low social status, low intelligence, animal sexuality, primitiveness, violence and a general inferiority, due to this the white people also connect immigrants with undesirable behaviours together such as mugging, gangsters, rioters etc (Hartmann and Husband, 1974, p202). Furthermore, a larg e number of Britains mainstream medias portrayal racial minority group in a negative way in the headline: Daily Express: MORE ASAINS ON THE WAY TO JOIN 4-STAR MIGRANTS Daily Mail: WE WANT MORE MONEY SAY 600-A-WEEK MIGRANTS Daily Telegraph: MIGRANTS HERE JUST FOR THE WELFARE HANDOUTS Sun: ASAINS OFF TO THE WORKHOUSE The Times: HOMELESS ASAINS LIKELY TO BE MOVED TO WORKHOUSE BY END OF WEEK COUNCIL SAYS (Gurevitch et al, 1982). Obviously, all of these reports indicate that the word immigrant represents the racial people, and each of the newspaper has used negative words in the headline to describe the news about racial immigrants. As a consequence of this, the readers have built racial stereotype of immigrant reports, which means they form a negative sense of immigrants equal to Coloured people, and they will think Black or other coloured people when they see the word immigration (Campbell, 1971). This readers negative impression about racial people is due to the large number of negative media coverages. In addition, a survey relates to the reporting of members of immigration shows that 61% of the content was negative (Fowler, 1991). All of these inform that the media exactly provide negative portrayal of racial. Furthermore, Sivanandan (2001) manifested that the media has demonised the Blacks. Because of these negative portrayals of the racial minority group, the audiences will appear racial people when th ey see the word immigration in the newspaper or on the television. Dennis and Pease (2000, p21) also mentioned that the news related to immigrants are always bad, for example, a newspaper from New York describe the headline in this wayIn December 1993, a Jamaican immigrant killed six commuters and wounded 17 others in a rush-hour massacre. That indicates clearly the media connect the racial minority with the negative words massacre in the headline rather than only describe the event. So, the media has provided a negative representation of the racial minority group. BLACK CRIMINALS REPORTINGS According to a media research by the US social scientists, the core reports of Black people in the television and film is usually connect with violence, crime, disease and some other negative words (Anwar and Shang, 1992). For example, a movie named Menace to Society that made by a Black man, which was full of disservice and negative portrayal of Black men. Additionally, another film Colours describe Black men as animals and they engage in violent without emotion (Barry, 1993). Furthermore, the programmer of Cold Case portrayals Black offenders as evil when they have committed a murder, while white offenders were represented as clever even intelligent criminals (Hall, 2008). In terms of television and film, Black men are always portrayaled in a totally negative way, and this has made the audience have a racial stereotype. In addition, compared with the white offenders, black people were always described as stupid offenders in the television or film. In the US, how the media represent the race minority group has become a key issue. For example, the journalists not only provide the news stories about black individuals, they also choose examples that will describe the category of black Americans and be compared to whites images of themselves (Braham, 2007). So, this makes the readers have a negative racial stereotype of race minority group. Moreover, on the basis of two data sets (ABC, CBS, and NBC nightly news programmes taped during January, February, and March, 1990, and a set of full verbatim transcripts of the ABC nightly news for an entire year), the researchers found that the media has represented black as the source of trouble and the data was shown in table 3.2.1: This table illustrates clearly about the news coverage of blacks. The most frequent news coverage about black was crime in the local news press, and the third most common topic related to black was victims, which indicates black has a non-dominant status in the state. Moreover, the news coverage relate to crime and victim account for 46.4%, which take nearly half of the reporting portrayal blacks as the threats to American society. Further, according to the data analysis result, almost 60% of news stories focus on negative representing about black events, and also the politics reporting provide non-positive messages for the blacks (Karnig, 2007). In terms of crime news, there is a significant different between media portrayals on blacks and whites, 77% of news stories about black are concerned with violent or drug crime, while 42% about white crimes (Riggins, 1992). This difference indicates the media portrayal the overwhelming majority of black news stories relate to violent, drug crime or other negative words. Moreover, the local news study found that the blacks are twice more than whites shown in the physical grasp of a police officer (Mirrless, 2006). As a result of this, image of blacks are more threatening than the white because the media reporting. ISLAM AS TERRORISTS According to research by Richardson (2004), the data shows that the negative words always appear in the Islam news, which account for nearly 97%. In the USA, the media represent an overall negative image of Islam after 9-11 events. Times magazine analyses 140 reports (2003 May 5 to November 24) about the Islamic world after the end of the war in Iraq, and describes as a violent terror, ignorance and backwardness of the Islamic world, even portrayal as the birthplace of a devil for Americans (Gerges, 2004). For todays US and European public, Islam is particular unpleasant news. Moreover, both the media and government portrayal the Islam is a threat to Western civilization (Poole, 2002). In addition, Times provides several major themes in the Islam reporting: the first major theme is abouthe terrorist organizations, terrorists, terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism operations, which accounting for 36.4; second major theme post-war situation in Iraq that accounting for 22.9; third theme accounting for 11.4% that relates to the tyranny of Saddam Husseins sons, atrocities, and the traces of his son and property; and followed by Islamic countries and terrorist organizations (7.9%) and authoritarian backwardness of Islamic countries, as well as the peoples tragic life and resistance (5%) (Gerges, 2004). These results indicate that the media nearly provide a whole news stories that make Islam and terrorism together. Furthermore, Times reports for the Islamic world is always associated with terrorism and tyranny, and the media attempt to summarize the Islamic civilization with ignorance and warlike character. Meanwhile, there is no reporting about the daily life of civili ans in the Islamic world (Kandiyoti, 2006). After the 9-11 events in 2001, the whole media institutions in the USA describe Islam in a terrorism image, and almost all the citizen fear of the Islam (Poole, 2002). All these reporting indicate that the media only focus on providing a negative image of Islam to the audiences, which always make Islam connect with terrorism in the news reporting. DOMESTIC REPORTINGS OF THE RIOTS Due to the two bombs was exploded in the UK in 1999; the domestic reporting of the riots has increased in the UK (Lewis, 2000). Generally, the domestic reporting such as the Times, the Guardians, Independent and Sun have interpreted black people associated with conflict, controversy and deviance (Richardson, 2004). Moreover, Hartmann and Husband (1974) found that there always appeared race combined with conflict or violent words in the headlines of press news in those four newspapers. Further, these newspapers have the similarity news coverage, which are immigration, relations between black and white, legialation to control immigration (Braham, 2007). In addition, according to the Leicester Universitys Mass Communication research, the citizens pay more attention to consider the threat of the coloured people to them rather than the housing, education and employment about the coloured people. All of these research evidences have confirmed the media reports in the local concentration of ethnic groups described in negative news, and 97% of the news coverage of race links to crisis, violence and other prejudicial words. Even the news end with that the coloured immigrants has given us a threat (Anwar, 2004). This has proved that the media provide a negative image of racial minority group. In terms of crime news reporting, the media always show more mug shot of the Black offender rather than the white perpetrators (Entman and Rojecki, 2000).In that case, the continuously negative reporting of Black men will lead the audience have a negative racial stereotype, which associate murder, abduct, rape and other negative word with Black men automatically (Bryant and Oliver, 2009). In terms of the reports of domestic violence, Troyna (1987) shows that the media focus on reporting the result rather than the reason when the news covered of violence between racist offenders and white victims. Therefore, the negative representation of racial disturbance was made by the media, and the news framework was based on the black presence and the news coverage was full of conflict and tension. In addition, a research about journalists found that they used to make prejudicial stereotypes to portrayal Britains minority communities. (Cottle, 2000; Gabriel, 1994; Harmann and Husband, 1974; van Dijk, 1989) In that case, journalists stereotypical representation about race minority communities will appear in the press, which lead more and more negative portrayal about racial. JOURNALISTS PORTRAYALS OF RACIAL MINORITY GROUP In the United States, due to historical reasons, whites have a relatively higher status rather than other ethnic groups such as the African-American, Asian Americans, and Hispanics etc; therefore the US media are more likely to evaluate other minorities from this white-dominated mainstream culture perspective (Cottle, 1992). In terms of the media, especially the mainstream media, white accounted for the vast majority of journalists for a long time; the proportion of white journalists and commentators is overwhelming advantages in the news and current affairs programs, and it is difficult to see Asia and other minority journalists or reporters during the news or programmes (Fife, 2007). Hence, this imbalance in the distribution of personnel also contributed to the media ethnocentrism. More accurately speaking, that is a white-dominated media culture and perspective (Entman, 1990). Moreover, the worse is that those who live in the United States-led class advantaged groups are difficult to realize the existence of ethnocentrism and impact, and if this trend continues, the spread of sensitivity (sensitivity) would be weakened of other ethnic or vulnerable groups; and also they would be cold or weak outlook for other groups to see the damage. They even thought it was the freedom of the press, information, entertainment, or objective comments about the reportings of very serious racial discrimination or personal prejudice (Sonenshein, 1993).For example, the famous CBS radio show host Don Imus has dismissed because he calling a black female athlete hair volume prostitute in the program for black college women basketball in 2007.In the last century 90s, another well-known program host Bob Grant was forced to resign because he commentate a black mayor as a toilet cleaners (David, 2007). However, these commentators do not think that their remarks would cause great harm to the black community, because they are in mainstream classes (Kanellos, 1994). Hence, this unbalance distribution of the journalists and the inherent racial superiority of white press journalists, will inevitably lead to negative news coverage of the race. CONCLUSION To sum up, according to the above analysis of the researches, it is clearly to see that media really provide negative portrayals of racial minority group. Whether the newspapers, television or website, there always appear the black or Islam news event associated with violent, drug crime, terrorism and other negative words, this inform that the media has represented the black or Islam as a negative image to the audience, even make the audience have a race stereotype, which means the audiences will connect the black or Islam people with the negative words such as immigrations, threat to us, terrible and violent etc automatically. Hence, the media really provide a negative portrayal of racial minority group and even influence the sudiences image of race people. REFERENCE Adeno, A. 2002. Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities. 2nd London: Sage press. Anwar, M and Shang, A. 1992. Television in a Multi-Racial Society: A Research Report. 2nd London: Commission for Racial Equality press. Anwar, M. 2004. Young Muslims in Britain. 1st Leicester: The Islamic Foundation press. Audrey, S. and Brian, S. 2005. Race as Biology is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem is real: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives on the Social Construction of Race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 16-26. Barry, A. 1993. Black mythologies: representation of Black people in the film vision. 1st Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham press. Bashi, V. 2004. Globalization anti-blackness: Transnationalizing Western immigration law, policy, and practice. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(4), 584-606. Braham, P., Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R. 2007. Racism and Antiracism. 1st London: Sage Publications Ltd press. Bryant, J. and Oliver, M.B. 2009. Media Effect. 3rd London: Taylor and Francis press. Campbell, A. 1971. White Attitudes Toward Black People. 2nd America: University of Michigan press. Cottle, S. 2000. Ethnic Minorities and the Media. 1st Buckingham: Open University press. Cottle, S. 1992. Race, racialisation and the media: a review and update of research. Sage Race Relations Abstracts, 17(2), 3-57. David, A. 2007. Black Activists Dercy Negative Regan Media Coverage.on-lineAvailable from: http://www.nationalcenter.org/P21PRReaganBlacks604.html accessed 2nd March, 2010 Dennis, E.E. and Pease, E.C. 2000. The media in black and white. 2nd New Jersey: Transaction Publishers press. Entman, R.E. 1990. Modern racism and the images of Blacks in local television news. Critical studies in Mass Communication, 7(4), 309-31. Entman, R.M. and Rojecki, A. 2000. The Black Image in the White Mind. 2nd Chicago: The University of Chicago press. Fowler, R. 1991.Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. 1st London: Routledge press. Fife, M. 2007. Promotion racial diversity in US broadcasting: federal politics versus social realities. Media, Culture and Society, 9(1), 481-505. Gabriel, J. 1994. Racism, Culture, Markets. 1s tLondon: Rontledge press. Gerges, F.A. 2004. America and Political Islam. 1st the United Kingdom: University of Cambridge press. Greenberg, B.S. and Brand, J.E. 1994. Minorities ans the mass media: 1970s to 1990s. 2nd Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gurevitch, M., Bennett, T., Curran, J. and Wollacott, J. 1982. Culture, Society and the Media. 5th the United Kingdom: Methuen and Co, Ltd press. Hartmann, P. and Husban, C. 1974. Racism and the Mass Media. 3rd New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield press. Hall, S. 2008. Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2(2), 1-25. Kandiyoti, D. 2006. Women, Islam and the State. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 16(7), 231-256. Karnig, A.K. 2007. Black Representation on City Councils: the Impact of District Elections and Socioeconomic Factors. Urban Affairs Review, 12(2), 223-258. Levi-Strauss, C. 1996. Race, history and culture-Ethnics. Communication Research, 12(2), 177-189. Law, I. 2002. Race in the News. 2nd New York: Palgrave. Lewis, J. 2000. The Story of a riot. Screen Education, 40(1), 15-33. Malik. 2001. Race, pluralism and the meaning of difference.on-lineAvailable from: http://www.kenanmalik.com/papers/new_formations.html accessed 28th February, 2010 Mirrless, C. 2006. Domestic Violence: Findings from a New British Crime Survey. Victims of Violence, 18(5), 27-39. Kanellos, N. 1994. Mass Communication and Hispanics. 2nd Houston: Arte Publico press. Poole, E. 2002. Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims. 1st London: I.B. Tauris press. Richardson, J.E. 2004. (Mis)representation Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. 9th London: John Benjamins Publishing. Riggins, S.H. 1992. Ethnic Minority Media: an International Perspective. 1st London: Sage press. Sivanandan, A. (2001, 17 August). Poverty is the new black. The Guardian, p. 13. Sonenshein, R.J. 1993. Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles. 1st Princeton: Princeton University press. Stokes, J. and Reading, A. 1999. The media in Britain: current debates and developments. 1st New York: Macmillan Press Ltd. Troyna, B. 1982. Beyond Multiculturalism: towards the enactment of anti-racist education in policy, provision and pedagogy. Osford Review of Education, 13(3), 307-321. Van Dijk, T.A. 1989. Press about the 1985 Disorders Race, riots and the oress: An analysis of editorials in the British. International Communication Gazette, 43(1), 229-253.

Volunteering: Contribution to the Community Essay -- Community Service

"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has." - Margaret Mead Volunteerism, in its conceptual form, includes the individual or collective efforts of willing individuals, known as volunteers, to act in ways which work toward the betterment of oneself, other individuals, communities, and/or society. This definition remains subjective in its ambiguity regarding the meaning of betterment, as well as in the sense that the means to bettering oneself may be in direct opposition to the means necessary to better another individual or society. Despite the subjectivity of this definition, this general description of volunteerism is necessary for communication within the same framework and reference in this discussion. In our Christian language, we may prefer to call volunteering, serving. Service moves from mere physical motions to human action (Wuthnow 1991: 45). Service incorporates all aspects of our humanity, instead of just the physical need at hand. Love, justice, compassion, action, presence, and understanding embody the cultural framework of Christian service, to which this human action refers. Service goes a step further than volunteering one's free afternoon to dish out food at a local soup kitchen; it sits down and eats with the homeless and shares in their experiences. The general volunteer trend in the United States is one in which an individual volunteers his/her time, services, or funds. As Newsweek's article "Powell's New War" demonstrates, most Americans perceive volunteering as: an act in which one must do something and nice gesture which has benefits. Though this observation is a generalization, rarely do Americans view voluntee... ...l as in the method to accomplish it. One connection however, is their similar quest for creating a framework of support in which persons can feel valued and needed. The idea of accompaniment reflects a similar notion of the mentoring relationship found in Powell's model of volunteerism. The difference, however is that mentors take on a parental role, while the goal of accompaniment is to stay away from any sign of paternalism. Works Cited Aaker, Jerry. Partners With The Poor, New York: Friendship Press, 1993. Alter, Jonathan. "Powell's New War." Newsweek 28 April 1997: 27­37. Chambers, Robert. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983. Ohrt, Wallace. Accidental Missionaries. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1991. Wuthnow, Robert. Acts of Compassion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Redefine by Incubus Essay -- Music Bands Incubus Musicians Essays

Redefine by Incubus "Redefine" is the perfect song to represent us in the time capsule. The song supports using your knowledge to empower yourself, and be an individual. It also emphasizes using your knowledge and intelligence to make the world a better place. The song also reminds us to be wary of abusing our power. We can use our power to make the world a better place, but we can also use our power to the wrong ends and destroy our planet and our lives. Redefine is a rock song, and therefor part of the pop culture. For this reason it is not tied down to any cultural roots, making it accessible to people of all creeds and colors. Brandon Boyd, vocalist for Incubus, starts the song with an interesting analogy. He tells us to "imagine [our] brain as a canister filled with ink...now think of your body as the pen where the ink resides." In effect he is telling us that we each are a well of knowledge and we should use it. College is widely regarded as not only institution to give us knowledge, but also a place to give us the skills to use it. We should not just lear...

Macbeth by William Shakespeare: Critique Essay

A critique on the main character in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. So foul and fair a day I have not seen.† This is a famous quote by Macbeth, the antagonist in William Shakespeare’s classic work, The Tragedy of Macbeth. This one line takes place when Macbeth and Banquo are returning from their victory in battle over the Norwegians. Following this quote further it could be looked at in a broader spectrum of Macbeth’s triumphs and failures. He goes from a warrior hero to a murderer, and lastly, his tragic flaw brings him to his death. When critiquing Macbeth the main points to look at are his actions, blind ambition, excessive pride, and lastly, his boldness and impression of personal invincibility which eventually leads to his death. See how he can be at the height of his life one moment and in his grave the next due to a few prophecies by witches and his blind ambition. To begin, looking at Macbeth, his actions are obviously a major flaw. In the beginning of the tragedy, his actions are looked at as heroic with his destruction of the Norwegians and King Sweno in battle. This is crucial to the play, because a tragedy depends on the downfall of an already great man. In an outside source, it is said that the lines when Macbeth killed Duncan (â€Å"unseam’d him from the nave to the chops, and fix’d his head upon our battlements†) are meant to foreshadow Macbeth’s death at the end of the play. However, as the play progresses, the major action occurs when, although Macbeth is filled with misgivings, he ascends to King Duncan’s chamber and murders him in his sleep. This shows that he is willing to kill his loyal king so that he can make the prophecies come true that he may someday be king. Following this, when Macbeth thinks back to the witches’ prophecy regarding Banquo that one of his descendants will become king. Macbeth looks at this as a threat to his own position. Unable to undo these thoughts, Macbeth hires two murderers to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance. During the Banquet the murderers contact him and explain that Banquo is dead, but Fleance escaped. Macbeth explains that he is not worried with Fleance. The final action that dooms Macbeth is when he kills Macduff’s wife and child. Macbeth goes to the Weird Sisters to hear a series of apparitions to predict his future. This first apparition is Macduff’s head warning Macbeth that a  bloody revenge of Duncan’s son, Malcolm is soon to come. When he is threatened again for his position of kingship Macbeth looks for further political survival and is also angered. He arranges the death of Macduff’s wife and children. This ultimately hurts Macbeth because it angers Macduff more, and he sides with Malcolm for revenge on Macbeth. Moreover, throughout the play Macbeth’s life if completely subverted and undermined by his insatiable ambition. At the start of the story he was reasonable enough to keep his ambition under control, although it eventually became to strong and overpowered him. However, he did control his ambition much longer than his wife who was overcome once she heard that King Duncan was coming. The first sign of Macbeth losing his ambition is with the three witches and their prophecies. Although he questions their motives, he doesn’t believe that they are in fact pushing him down a path of evil and despair. He says that their visit â€Å"cannot be ill, cannot be good.† This scene shows that Macbeth at first questions the motives of the witches, and the moral implications of killing King Duncan. He also sees his ambition forming when he doesn’t refute the title as King and in fact accepts the title of Thane of Cawdor. This shows in the lines – If Chance will have me King. Why/ Chance may crown me.† (Shakespeare; I, iii, 141-142) Macbeth’s ambition doesn’t take off until it is fueled by his wife’s great ambition. An interesting character in the story is Banquo. He parallels Macbeth in the beginning but when they both hear the prophecies he is much less accepting of them. I believe that the contrast was created to emphasize Macbeth’s tragic flaw. One critical perspective views Banquo’s function as essentially symbolic: he is portrayed as a man who, like Macbeth, has the capacity for both God’s grace and sin; but unlike the protagonist, he puts little stock in the Weird Sisters, prophecies and does not succumb to their temptations. Banquo’s reluctance to dwell on the witches’ predictions therefore underscores, by contrast, the nature of Macbeth’s descent into evil. (Scott; 238)To reiterate, looking at Macbeth’s ambition throughout the tragedy, I came to one conclusion. As time passes, a once moral man cannot hold off the temptations of the power he could achieve. This idea is stated in the following passage: â€Å"One of the most significant reasons for the enduring critical interest in Macbeth’s character is that he represents humankind’s universal propensity to temptation and sin. Macbeth’s excessive ambition motivates him to murder  Duncan, and once the evil act is accomplished, he sets into motion a series of sinister events that ultimately lead to his downfall.† (Scott; 236) As one can clearly see, Macbeth’s ambition clearly got to him and he couldn’t overpower it. Furthermore, the last flaw in Macbeth is his boldness and impression of personal invincibility. Toward the end of the play when Macbeth approaches the witches for three more prophesies, which seem impossible. The first prophecy is the head of Macduff warning Macbeth of a bloody revenge by Malcolm. The second is a blood-covered child who explains to Macbeth that he cannot be harmed by any man â€Å"of woman born†. The third is a child wearing a crown that explains Macbeth cannot be defeated until Birnam Wood physically â€Å"uproots† itself and moves to Dunsinane hill. Macbeth is not worried because he believes, as anyone would, these predictions are impossible. However, as the play progresses he hears from a servant that a large army is moving toward Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth ignores the warning, as he believes he is invincible. These are the beginning signs that we see that Macbeth may be ignoring his own doom due to his belief in personal invincibility. In addition, in the last portion of the play we find that English and rebel Scottish armies who march to Birnam Wood have been directed by Malcolm for each soldier to cut a branch and carry it in front of them as camouflage â€Å"to shadow the numbers of our host.† When Macbeth hears word that this has happened, he begins to realize that the prophecy has come true, but he still is trying to deny it. When Malcolm and his troops finally reach Dunsinane hill under the â€Å"leafy screens† of branches the apparition has come true: Birnam Wood has come to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth puts on his armor and goes to battle with his army. On the battlefield Macbeth and Macduff at last come face to face. Macduff reveals to Macbeth that he entered the world by being â€Å"untimely ripp’d† from his mother’s whom. Under these circumstances he was not strictly â€Å"born† of woman. When Macbeth hears this he realizes his struggle for survival has come to an end. He realizes how foolish he was for believing in his invincibility. Macduff kills Macbeth with anger in his heart for the death of his family. These final couple scenes really show that Macbeth’s boldness and belief in invincibility end his reign of power,  and cause his death. In conclusion, â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen.† Is a very appropriate quote by Macbeth for the battle at the start of the play, but also for the path of his life. In William Shakespeare’s masterpiece Macbeth, he created a character that will live on for years to come. The character Macbeth is a great antagonist because he is bought up to be a hero in the beginning of the play but because of his actions, blind ambition, boldness, and impression of personal invincibility he finds his death. This play was clearly my favorite by Shakespeare solely because of the character Macbeth and how, I, the reader could sit back and realize all of the mistakes he is making, before he realized it and was too late. Works Cited 1.) Free Essays – Blind Ambition in Macbeth. 123HelpMe.com. 02 Jan 2008. 2.) Macbeth. Cliff Notes. 26 Dec. 2007. 3.) Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. 1992. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan.

How America Became a Global Superpower Essay

The United States of America is the world’s last remaining superpower. However, this was not always the case. The United States toiled in relative obscurity on a global scale for most of its history. As the world evolved, so too did the young nation. The United States attempted to stay out of world affairs, but a time came when that was no longer possible. Necessity dictated that the United States become a major player at the global level. The United States entered into World War II a great power and emerged a global superpower. What is a superpower? In order to properly examine the events that led to the emergence of the United States as a superpower it is important to understand exactly what constitutes a nation gaining the status of that title. According to Lyman Miller of the Stanford Journal of International Relations, â€Å"A â€Å"superpower† is a country that has the capacity to project dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, and sometimes, in more than one region of the globe at a time, and so may plausibly attain the status of global (2006)†. There have been many global superpowers throughout history. The United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States have all spent significant time in the past as global superpowers. The collapse of the Soviet Union allowed the United States to become the only nation with a legitimate claim to the title of global superpower. However, there are other nations that may be able to lay claim to the title at some point in the future. Perhaps the most visible, and closest, of these countries is the People’s Republic of China. Over the past 20 years, China has grown into both a military and economic power. China has the second largest GDP in the world, next to the United States, according to the International Monetary Fund. However, Miller doesn’t seem to believe China will be evolving anytime soon. â€Å"At a broader level, in global affairs, its stature and power are growing, but in most respects it remains a regional power, complementing the cast of other great powers under the overarching dominance, however momentary, of the United States (Miller, 2006)†. Focus on Domestic Issues The United States stayed out of foreign affairs throughout most of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. These policies actually served the country quite well as the young nation had many domestic problems that needed to be resolved before it could take a prominent position in global affairs. This did not stop the United States from intervening when it was necessary. Aside from this, the citizens of the United States did not really have the stomach for foreign powers. This could perhaps not be better stated than it was by George Washington, the first President of the United States, in his farewell address in 1796. â€Å"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities†. The first major problem the United States wanted to tackle was the belief that the country was destined to expand across the continent. This led to a focus on expansion. The dream began with Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory. This purchase doubled the size of the United States. Between 1811 and 1912 the United States went from 17 to 48 states spanning from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It took 100 years, but the United States’ dream of manifest destiny was realized. (World Book, 2011) One issue which evolved from the nation’s rapid expansion and precluded the United States from becoming involved in global affairs was the country’s relationships with Native American’s. The United States would move Native American’s off of their land and moved them to reservations. It was a very tenuous relationship. There were other issues within the ensuing years. The most significant of these problems was the Civil War. Between 1861 and 1865 the United States was locked in a brutal Civil War. South Carolina seceded from the union on December 20, 1860. Ten other southern states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi in January; Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia later in 1861) followed South Carolina’s lead and formed the Confederate States of America. Over the next four years American’s killed each other in combat. This resulted in over 600,000 American deaths. The Civil War remains the deadliest war (in terms of American deaths) in United States history. The war did have a couple of positive outcomes. The war preserved the United States. Additionally, the war led to the abolishment of slavery. (World Book, 2011) The Civil War led directly to another major issue. The issue of reconstruction was not just about rebuilding the ravaged the south, but also rebuilding the nation’s unity. Laws were passed to allow African-American’s to have the same opportunities as white Americans, though they often weren’t enforced. Former Confederate states were â€Å"required to ratify the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution in order to be readmitted to the Union (World Book, 2011)†. Reconstruction ended in 1877, 12 years after the Civil War ended. Communication Problems Domestic problems were not the only things standing in the way of the United States becoming a world power. There were numerous communication barriers that prevented the United States from having any significant influence on issues of a global scale. The most obvious of these issues is the proximity of the United States to the other Great Powers of the world. There are hundreds of miles of ocean between the United States and Europe and Asia across the Atlantic and Pacific respectively. Until the advent of the telegraph the only form of communication between the new world and the old world was via letter or personal contact. Communication in this manner could take weeks to complete. Superpower Ability There were many positive things happening domestically for the United States. The United States has a varied climate, a diverse amount of natural resources, and geographic barriers that make it more difficult to attack the country. These issues placed the United States in a unique position to become a global superpower. The climate of the United States gives it the ability to grow several different types of crops. Corn grows in the plains, cotton in the south, and dairy in the north. It also allows for many different types of animals co-exist as there are several different items for them to graze on. This gives the Unites States the ability to reliably feed its entire populace, at least at the current population levels. The United States also has a plentiful supply of natural resources. These resources include both renewable resources, such as the aforementioned food and animals, and a wide array of nonrenewable resources, such as coal, oil, and metals. The vast amount of natural resources have allowed the United States to create an economic infrastructure that is capable of sustaining the populace without outside assistance from other nations. While the nations geographic barriers have made it harder to communicate with other world powers (at least initially), they also make it harder for a country to maintain a sustained offensive against the United States. It is hard to keep supply lines stocked when the venue of war is halfway across the globe. Most countries do not have the resources to keep up that type of attack for an extended period of time, and even fewer have the ability to maintain an occupying force over the course of several years to combat insurrection. Effect of War Wars had a profound effect on the emergence of the United States as a global superpower. Not only did these wars show that the United States had a military worthy of global recognition, but they also helped to give the United States more clout on the world political stage. World War I and World War II probably had the largest effect, but the Korean and Vietnam Wars, while smaller in size, had large effects on the United States’ sphere of influence. This gave Americans the wherewithal to become more involved in world politics. World War I was the first major overseas conflict in which the United States became involved. The United States attempted to stay out of the war. When German submarines began sinking United States merchant vessels shipping supplies to Europe, however, it became impossible for the United States to maintain its neutrality. â€Å"These and other acts of aggression convinced Wilson and other Americans of the need to join the war against Germany to make the world â€Å"safe for democracy (World Book, 2011)†. The United States joining the war was enough to tip the scale in the allies favor. A little over a year and a half after the United States joined World War I it ended with the surrender of the Central Powers. The European countries in the war spent nearly 60% of their GDP on the war. This number was much lower for the United States. This gave the United States a much needed economic boost over the European powers. (World Book, 2011) After World War I there was a relatively short lived peace between the powers. In the late 1930’s war sentiments in Europe began brewing again. In 1939 Germany invaded Poland sparking World War II. Again the United States took a militarily neutral stance. They did support the Allies (the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) economically by sending supplies. Some American soldiers even volunteered to go fight for the United Kingdom. It once again took an unprovoked act of aggression (this time Japan’s sneak attack on Pearl Harbor) to provoke the United States to join the conflict. While the United States’ intervention in World War I helped secure an allied victory, the United States’ intervention in World War II helped change the course of the entire war. The United States did not recede back into isolation following World War II; unlike the end of World War I. With most of the combat happening in Europe, Africa, and Asia the United States again suffered very little damage to their infrastructure. Europe was quite the opposite. With two major conflicts in less than 50 years European infrastructure was decimated. Japan was forbidden from keeping a large enough standing military to have any true significance on a global level thanks to their treaty with the United States. The Soviet Union stopped cooperating with the western Allies before the ink was dry on the peace treaties ending the war. The Soviets refused to unite their portion of Germany with the rest of the country, effectively splitting the country in two. The Cold War had begun. The Cold War necessitated that the United States remain on the forefront of global affairs because neither France nor the United Kingdom were in a position, economically or militarily, to defend against the Soviet threat. While the Cold War didn’t have any direct combat between the two remaining superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, it did have conflict. The United States was involved in combat in Korea (which resulted in the split of Korea into two countries) and Vietnam. The Soviets were involved in combat in Afghanistan. The Cold War caused the United States to continue its military growth. As seen in the following chart, National Defense expenditures peaked in 1954 at almost 70 percent of the nation’s total budget (U.S. Government, 2009). Global Influence The size of the United States’ military put them in a position of global dominance, but it takes more than a large military to become a global power. It also takes influence in foreign matters. This is another thing the United States has developed over the two and a half centuries since being founded. There have been more than a few global matters that the United States has influenced other than wars. After World War I the League of Nations was formed. While United States President Woodrow Wilson was an advocate of the League the United States Senate was not. They voted down the motion for the United States to join the League of Nations. Many Americans believe that had the United States joined the League of Nations it would not have failed. This could have helped stop the Nazi spread through Eastern Europe. Decisions made by the United States influence the economies of every nation on earth. The world also looks to the United States for action in times of need. â€Å"I think that the authorities would do better to sit down with Ambassador Thomas and take advantage of whatever voluntary help the only superpower in the world today has to offer the Philippines to put a stop to the worldwide problem of women trafficking (Vitas, 2011)†. Without the United States the spread of communism would have continued unabated following World War II. To this end the United States helped to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to create the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact. This helped to ensure the safety of democracy for the world. It also helped to curb the spread of communism. The United States also sets the tone culturally. Hollywood is the predominant film industry in the world. Perhaps the area where the United States had the largest cultural impact on a worldwide scale was with regards to space. It was a large achievement for all members of the human race when the Americans landed on the moon. Conclusion The United States went into World War II as a world power and emerged as one of two superpowers. There were many things leading up to the nation’s emergence. The United States has the world’s largest economy, largest military, and the decisions made by its President have far reaching impacts. It has given the country a large sphere of influence that is still evident in the world today. References Einhorn, R. L., & Schulman, B. J. (2011). History of the united states. In World Book Advanced Retrieved from http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar576000 Imf: Report for selected countries. (2011, September). Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx Miller, L. (2006). China an emerging superpower? Stanford Journal of International Relations, Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/6.1.03_miller.html U.S. Government. (2009). The budget for fiscal year 2009, historical tables. Retrieved from U.S. Government Printing Office website: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2009/pdf/hist.pdf Vitas, H. M. (2011, November 15). The revelation of the real harry thomas. Philippine Daily Chronicle. Retrieved from http://campus.westlaw.com/ Washington, G. (1796). George washington farewell address 1796. Retrieved from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp

Dominozz Pizza Research Paper Essay

Founded: In 1960 by Thomas S. Monaghan in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ownership: In December 1998, investors, including funds managed by Bain Capital Inc. , a leading private equity investment firm, together with management and others, acquired a 93% stake in the Company, which was formerly owned by founder, Thomas Monaghan and his family. Description: Domino’s Pizza has been dedicated and committed to quality service, product and delivery excellence for more than 40 years, making it the world leader in pizza delivery. Domino’s is the largest privately held restaurant chain, and the eighth largest of all restaurant chains in the world. Products: Domino’s Pizza offers Crunchy Thin Crust, Ultimate Deep Dish and Classic Hand Tossed pizzas with a number of regional toppings. Side items include Domino’s Bread Sticks, Double Cheesy Bread, CinnaStix and Buffalo Wings. Beverages consist of icy cold Coca-Cola products. Stores: Domino’s Pizza operates a network of 6,977 owned and franchised stores in the United States and 64 international markets. Employees: Over 120,000 associates are employed by Domino’s around the globe, 15,000 of those are corporate employees, of which 550 work at the worldwide headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Each Domino’s store employs 15-30 part-time and full-time individuals Officer’s: David Brandon, chairman and chief executive officer Jim Stansik, special assistant to the CEO Harry Silverman, chief financial officer and executive vice president, finance/administration Tim Monteith, chief information officer Hoyt Jones, executive vice president, flawless execution-franchise stores Patrick Knotts, executive vice president, flawless execution-corporate stores Patrick Doyle, executive vice president, Domino’s Pizza International and acting executive vice president, build the brand Mike Soignet, executive vice president, maintain high standards Tim McIntyre, vice president, corporate communications Elisa D. Garcia C. , executive vice president and general counsel Patti Wilmot, executive vice president, people first. National Charity: In August 1998, Domino’s Pizza began a long-term relationship with Easter Seals, which has become the corporation’s first national charity of choice. Through this alliance, Domino’s is dedicated to helping children and adults with disabilities and their families. Distribution: Through its network of 18 domestic distribution centers, Domino’s Pizza Distribution regularly supplies more than 4,600 pizza stores with more than 150 products, ranging from dough to pizza boxes. The number of products offered by DPD continues to expand. Similarly, the ongoing demand for new technology and basic equipment is provided by DPD’s Equipment & Supply division, which offers items such as make lines, crew uniforms and ovens as well as merchandise support for national promotional programs. Industry: Pizza is a $30 billion per year industry. Approximately 3 billion pizzas are sold in the U. S. annually through 61,269 pizzerias. Each man, woman and child in America eats an average of 46 slices (23 pounds) of pizza a year. Pepperoni is America’s favorite topping (36% of all pizza orders); approximately 251,770,000 pounds are consumed each year. Inovations: Domino’s HeatWave hot bags were introduced in 1998. Each heated hot bag contains a patented heating mechanism warmed via electricity. Once unplugged, this technology keeps the pizza oven-hot during a normal delivery. The outer material of the bag is made with water-repellent nylon rather than the vinyl material previously used. Inside the bag is 3M Thinsulate insulation, which eliminates unwanted moisture, keeping the pizzas both hot and crisp. To allow Domino’s stores to concentrate on making and delivering pizzas, Domino’s developed a central commissary system. This relieves stores from long hours making dough, grating cheese and preparing toppings. Today, Domino’s Pizza Distribution provides high quality dough and ingredients nationwide, keeping the company’s pizza consistently delicious. Other pizza and fast food companies in the U. S have adopted this same system. Fresh and delicious pizza has always been a priority at Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s was the first to use a fiberglass tray for dough, which simplified dough handling and ensured better preservation. Domino’s was the innovator behind the sturdy, corrugated pizza box, which keeps moisture from weakening the box, while preventing cheese from sticking to the top during delivery. A delicious, crisp crust is one of the most important parts of the pizza. In search of the perfect crust, Domino’s developed the pizza screen, a mesh tray that helps cook pizza crust more evenly than a tray made of wood or stainless steel. Today it’s hard to miss pizza delivery cars — thanks to Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s invented the 3-D car-top sign, which is currently used by a variety of industries, including taxis and driving schools Company history. In 1960 Tom Monaghan and brother James purchase â€Å"DomiNick’s,† a pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Monaghan borrowed $500 to buy the store. Then in 1961 brother James trades his half of the business to Tom for a Volkswagen Beetle. By 1965 Tom Monaghan is sole owner of company, and renames the business â€Å"Domino’s Pizza, Inc. †Next Tom opens the first Domino’s Pizza franchise store opens in Ypsilanti, Michigan in 1967. Then in 1968 the company headquarters and commissary are destroyed by fire, also the first Domino’s store outside of Michigan opens in Burlington, Vermont. Then in 1975 Amstar Corp., maker of Domino Sugar, files a trademark infringement lawsuit against Domino’s Pizza and then in 1978 the 200th Domino’s pizza store opens. Now it is 1980 and a Federal court rules Domino’s Pizza did not infringe on the Domino Sugar trademark and Tom gets to keep his trademark. I n 1983 Domino’s first international store opens in Winnipeg, Canada. The 1,000th Domino’s store opens. By 1984 ground is broken for new headquarters, Domino’s Farms, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Then in 1985 Domino’s opens a remarkable 954 units, for a total of 2,841, making Domino’s the fastest-growing pizza company in the country. Then Tom decides he needs to try something new so in 1989 he decides to introduce the Pan Pizza, the company’s first new product. Domino’s opens its 5,000th store. In 1990 Domino’s Pizza signs its 1,000th franchise. In 1992 Domino’s rolls out bread sticks, the company’s first national non-pizza menu item. In 1993 the new Crunchy Thin Crust pizza is rolled out nation-wide. The Company discontinues the 30-minute guarantee and re-emphasizes the Total Satisfaction Guarantee: If for any reason you are dissatisfied with your Domino’s Pizza dining experience, we will re-make your pizza or refund your money. In 1994 tom has a big because Buffalo Wings are rolled out in all U. S. stores, the first Domino’s opens in Eastern Europe in Warsaw, Poland and the first agreement to develop Domino’s Pizza in an African country was signed by Specialized Catering Services, Inc. In 1995 Domino’s Pizza International division opens its 1000th store. First store opens on African continent, in Cairo, Egypt. Another big year for the company is 1996 when Domino’s launches its web site on the Internet (www. dominos. com). Domino’s rolls out flavored crusts, for limited time only promotions, nationally for the first time in company history. The company reaches record sales of $2. 8 billion system-wide in 1996. In 1997 Domino’s Pizza opened its 1,500th store outside the United States, opening seven stores in 1 day on 5 continents consecutively. Domino’s Pizza launched a campaign to update the company logo and store interior with brighter colors and a newer look. In 1998 Domino’s launches another industry innovation, Domino’s HeatWave, a hot bag using patented technology that keeps pizza oven-hot to the customer’s door. Domino’s Pizza opens 6000th store in San Francisco, California in April. Domino’s Pizza founder, Tom Monaghan, announces retirement and sells 93% of Company to Bain Capital, Inc. In 1999 David Brandon is named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s Pizza announces record results for 1999. Worldwide sales exceed $3. 36 billion. Revenues increased 4. 4% over 1998. Now this brings us to the year 2000 where Domino’s Pizza International opens its 2000th store outside the United States. Domino’s Pizza celebrates 40 years of delivering pizza and innovation to homes around the world. During the past four decades, Domino’s has paved the way for businesses involved in food delivery, employing practices that have set the standard in the industry. Domino’s Pizza announces record results for 2000. Worldwide sales exceed $3. 54 billion. Revenues increased 5. 3% over 1999. Mission Statement Since 1960, Domino’s Pizza has been committed to providing our customers with the best-tasting, highest-quality pizza, using only the finest ingredients, and delivering it directly to their door. That is what made us the world leader in pizza delivery. We continue to focus on our Vision: Exceptional People on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world. (Domino’s) Company Mission Good pizza. It’s our mission. And while it may seem like a simple one, the lengths we’ll undertake to fulfill it are anything but. We hand-stretch our crust for maximum flavor. We pioneered the Domino’s HeatWave? bag so our customer’s pizza is always delivered hot. And we use only the freshest, highest quality ingredients. (Domino’s) But at Domino’s, we’re not only dedicated to quality service, product and delivery; we’re dedicated to our staff. Nearly all Domino’s Pizza franchise owners started out as Domino’s store employees. With focused vision, hard work, and at least one year’s service as store manager, you can have the opportunity to make the leap into franchising with one of the most innovative and exciting companies in the fast food industry Founded in 1960, Domino’s makes and delivers nearly 6 million pizzas a week in over 60 countries around the world. Domino’s has more than 6,000 stores (85% of which are owned by franchisees) with 1999 worldwide sales of more than $3. 3 billion. As a franchisee, you’ll have a positive influence on people lives and the community you serve. But owning a Domino’s Pizza store isn’t for everyone. It’s a lot of hard work. It is for the strong, determined individual who understands our mission and knows what it takes to make it come true. (Domino’s) Social Responsibility Domino’s Pizza, founded in 1960, is the recognized world leader in pizza delivery. Domino’s Pizza operates a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the United States and international markets. But Domino’s isn’t just about delivering; it’s also about giving back to the community. Domino’s Pizza believes that an essential component of its corporate responsibility is to provide support to charitable organizations that benefit the communities where our employees and customers work and live. Headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Domino’s is committed to supporting initiatives and causes in its hometown while also participating in national programs that align with our vision, guiding principles and strategic focus. (Domino’s) In February 2001, Domino’s Pizza announced an exclusive national partnership with the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Domino’s Pizza has made a corporate decision to devote our philanthropic resources exclusively to the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Domino’s has made an ongoing commitment to Make-A-Wish to deliver wishes to children with life threatening illnesses and to assist Make-a-Wish with their benevolent volunteer efforts through heightened awareness and direct contributions. The Make-A-Wish Foundation grants the wishes of children with life-threatening illnesses to enrich the human experience with hope, strength and joy. Make-A-Wish is the largest wish-granting organization in the world, with 81 chapters in the US and 22 international affiliates on five continents. Since its founding in 1980, Make-A-Wish has granted a wish to every qualified child referred more than 83,000 wishes to children around the world. Wishes are granted through private donors and more than 20,000 volunteers worldwide. (Domino’s) In addition to being civic-minded, Domino’s Pizza is also concerned about its team members’ needs. In 1986, Domino’s Pizza Partners Foundation was established to assist employees in time of special need or tragedy as a result of natural disasters, unexpected afflictions, on-the-job accidents, and other emergencies. The Foundation’s primary support comes from voluntary employee payroll deductions, company functions and special events. Since its inception, Domino’s Pizza Partners Foundations has helped thousands of Domino’s Pizza employees and their families with financial, emotional, intermediary and advisory assistance. (Domino’s) Centralization Domino’s Pizza has a highly centralized when it comes to what the franchises will sell and how they will sell it. All the decisions concerning food products and ingredients and what new products will be offered all come from top management and the stores have to follow this structure rigorously. Now on the other hand when it comes to training of the employees things are quite different. At Domino’s Pizza, 85 percent of a non-supervisory employee’s training occurs on the job and is proved by the store manager or franchise owner. Each employee is trained to fill most of the shop’s five jobs, (order taker, pizza maker, oven tender, router and driver), which helps during rush hours when a crewmember does not appear for work. Performance standards are demanding; the order taker must answer the call within three rings and take the order within 45 seconds. The pizza maker must make the pizza and place it in the oven within one minute. The oven tender must take one pizza out while putting another I within 5 seconds and cut and box the pizza by the count of 15. Although the bulk of training is on the job far away from corporate headquarters, Domino’s corporate training staff maintains some control over training by providing a variety of training aids. The staff makes available to shop management 14 videotapes on such tasks as delivery, dough management, image, and pizza making. Each shop also displays corporate-produced training posters with job hints and reminders throughout the work place. Store managers are trained by a six-week course, typically a six-month MIT program that includes coursework in pizza dough management, people management, cost management, and how to conduct on the job training of hourly employees. Manager trainees progress through five levels of training with higher performance requirements and more responsibilities at each level. On the job training is an important part of the training program. Many franchise owned and all company owned stores send management trainees to the regional training center for classes taught by corporate trainers; however management training often is decentralized, with franchise owners conducting the MIT courses themselves. Franchise owners must be certified to conduct the formal courses for their manager trainees. The certification process requires that the owner complete a â€Å"Training Dynamics† course on how to teach manger trainees; observe certified teachers training the MIT series of course; and then co-teach the series with a regional trainer, who must approve the franchisee’s performance. () The quality of training provided by the franchise is enhanced by the owners substantial in store management experience. With all of these different ways of training in the end it is still a decentralized structure. Activities Domino’s pizza is having a little problem with their turnover rate, which is now in the vicinity of 300 t0 400 percent with employee but a lot less managers. Therefore managers do all they can do to keep there young employees happy, one of the reasons the turnover rate is so high is because of the age of the average employee is 18 to 21. The culture that surrounds Domino’s is a young one with open minds for new ideas; it also is one for caring and giving for and to the community. This culture was first started by Tom Monagham in 1960 and is now carried on by CEO David Brandon. Technology has played a major role in Domino’s since the beginning, with help of computers so that your address can be pulled by just the use of a telephone number, the caller id system which is now linked to the computer so address is automatically pulled up when you call in and the heatwave bag which allows the pizza to be hotter when it arrives at your door. All of these things have allowed Dominos to adapt to the times and keep it a strong running company. Also there new ideas on food products and menu items have also allowed them to stay head of the game making them a top competitor in there market. The efficiency with which Dominos run is remarkable in the aspect of time but if you look at there turnover rate it is something that might need some work, however dealing with people of that age group it is hard to get anyone to commit to delivering pizzas for life. In conclusion Dominos is a company that started in 1960 with a single store and went public and now has stores all over the world. This once little pizza shop is now global and has met up to all the challenges that face a company when it’s growing stages. The culture is one that stood the test of time so far and has a great look for the future. With all of this in mind Domino’s Pizza is a company that we will see for along time into the future.